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| latin (to know) mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is processing info- organizing it, understanding it, and communicating it to others. |
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| representations that stand in for objects or events and have a picture like quality; one tool used in thought process. |
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| ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities. |
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| concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of the concept. |
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| mental generalizations about objects, places, events, and people. |
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| schema that involves a familiar sequence of activities. |
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| type of thinking that people engage in everyday and in many different situations; occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways. |
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| identifying, evaluating, and choosing among several alternatives. |
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| refers to trying one solution after another until finding one that works. |
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| step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems. will always result in a correct solution; very specific. |
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| "rule of thumb", is a simple rule that is intended to apply to many situations; educated guess. |
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| representativeness heuristic |
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| used for categorizing objects and simple assumes that any object or person that shares characteristics with the members of a certain category, is also a member of that category. |
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| based on estimation of the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant info from memory or how easy it is to think of related examples. |
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| better to break goals into these so that each subgoal can be achieved |
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| problem-solving difficulty involves thinking about objects only in terms of their typical use. |
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| tendency to search for evidence that fits ones beliefs while ignoring any evidence to the contrary. |
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| solving problems by combining ideas or behaviors in new ways. |
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| person starts at point, come up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point; opposite of convergent thinking. |
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| ability to learn from one's experience, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations of solving problems |
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| ability to reason and solve problems |
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| task specific abilities in certain areas such as music, business or art |
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| ability to break problems down into component parts for problem solving. |
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| "street smarts"; tactful, uses info to increase success. |
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| mental age vs. actual age |
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| mental age divided by actual age time 100 equals IQ |
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| degree to which test actually measures what its suppose to. |
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| process of giving large group test; represents who test was designed for. |
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| neurodevelopmental disease disorder: person exhibits deficit in mental activities, adaptive behavior is low, limitations begin during development. |
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| skills that allow people to live independently |
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| highly advanced or geniuses |
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| accurate awareness of and ability to manage ones own emotions to facilitate thinking and attain goals; ability to understand others. |
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| circumstances existing in nature that can be examined to understand some phenomenon; twin studies. |
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| proposition of change in IQ within a population that is caused by hereditary factors. |
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| being aware of negative stereotypes can result in an individual scoring poorly on intelligence tests. |
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| linking concepts together |
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| leaving, coming back, insight |
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| view problems too narrow (thinking there are restrictions) |
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| continue to solve problems same way; stuck |
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| beliefs become discredited, but you still believe them. |
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| IF a vowel on one side, THEN it will have an even number on the other side. |
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| base judgments on stimulus to make other judgments |
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| Gain vs. loss; 95% success, 5% failure |
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| network of cells that carries info to and from all parts of the body |
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| branch of life sciences that deals with the structure and functioning of the brain and the neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue that form the nervous system. |
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| branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological process, behavior, and learning. |
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| basic cell that makes up the nervous system that receives and sends messages within that system |
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| part of neuron that receive messages from cells |
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| cell body, contains nucleus and keeps cell alive and functioning |
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| fiber attached to soma that carries messages out to other cells |
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| responsible for communicating with other nerve cells |
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| cells that provide support for neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste, influence info processing during prenatal development, influence generation of new neurons. |
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| generate myelin in central nervous system; brain |
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| generate myelin in peripheral nervous system; body |
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| bundle of axons coated in myelin that travel together through body |
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| insulates/ protects neuron, speeds up neural messages traveling down axon |
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| ions moving from area of high concentration to area of low concentration |
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not firing impulse;
inside-negative
outside-positive |
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firing an impulse
inside-positive
outside-negative |
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| referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all |
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| saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals |
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| chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that when released has an effect on the next cell |
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| microscopic fluid filed space between the axon terminal of one cell and the dendrites of another |
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| 3D proteins on the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands which are shaped and only fit certain neurotransmitter |
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| synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to FIRE |
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| synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to STOP FIRING |
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| stimulates skeletal muscles to contract but heart muscles to slow down; hippocampus |
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| mainly excitatory; involved in arousal and mood |
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| excit and inhib; involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure |
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| excit and inhib; involved in sleep mood anxiety appetite |
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| inhib; sleep, inhibits movement |
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| a chemical substance that blocks or reduces the effects of a neurotransmitter |
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| chemical substance that mimics or enhances the effects of a neurotransmitter |
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| process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into synaptic vesicles |
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| process by which the structure of a neurotransmitter is altered so it can no longer act on a receptor |
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| regulates glands, internal organs, blood vessels, blood pressure |
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| maintains body functions under ordinary conditions |
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| prepares body to react and expend energy in times of stress |
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| carries sensory info and controls movement of skeletal muscles |
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| spinal cord to muscles/glands |
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| afferent to motor neurons |
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| afferent to interneurons to efferent, resulting in reflex action |
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| a recording of the electrical activity of large groups of cortical neurons just below the skull, using scalp electrodes |
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| for dementia disorders/ autism; helmet like device |
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| insertion of radioactive sugar, computer encodes color coded activity in brain |
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| examination of brain oxygenation levels |
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| controls heartbeat, breathing and swallowing |
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| relays messages between cerebellum and cortex |
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| system of nerves; control arousal and attention |
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| controls balance and maintains muscle coordination |
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| brain structures located primarily under cortex; involved in learning, emotion, memory |
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| center of brain; relays sensory info from lower brain to proper areas of cortex |
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| below thalamus; motivational behavior= sleep, hunger, thirst, sex |
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| in each temporal lobe; formation of long term declarative memories |
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| responsible for fear responses and memory of fear |
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| glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into blood stream |
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| chemicals released into bloodstream by endocrine gland |
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| located in brain, secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone secreting glands MASTER |
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| endocrine gland located near base of cerebrum, secretes melatonin |
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| gland in neck; regulates metabolism |
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| gland; controls level of sugar in blood |
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| sex glands; regulate sexual development |
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| on top of each kidney; secretes over 30 hormones that deal with stress; source of sex hormones |
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| insertion of a thin insulates electrode into brain through which an electrical current is sent |
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| brain imaging method using computer controlled x rays |
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| placed inside machine that generates a magnetic field to align hydro atoms and brain tissue |
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| 2 sections of cortex; right and left |
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| thick band of neurons that connects right and left cerebral hemispheres |
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| process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain |
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| process of converting outside stimuli such as light, into neural activity |
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| Ernst Weber; to notice a difference there must be a 20% change |
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| gustav Fechner; lowest level of stimuli a person can detect |
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| tendency of brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging info |
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| tendency of sensory receptor cells to stop attending to constant unchanging info |
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| iris opening that changes size depending on the amount of light in the environment |
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| changes shape to bring objects into focus. presbyopia (hardening with age) |
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| bends light waves so the image can be focused on the retina (LASIK and PRK) |
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| clear liquid that nourishes eye |
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| jelly liquid that gives shape to eye |
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| changes in thickness of the lens as eye focuses on objects that are far away or close |
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| area in retina where the axons of the 3 layers of retinal cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve, insensitive to light |
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| eye recovering from light to dark exposure; night blindness |
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| eye recovering from dark to light exposure; deer in the headlights |
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| images that occur after stimulus is removed |
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| neurons are stimulated by light of one color and inhibited by light of another color |
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| color blindness; sex linked inheritance |
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| sweet, sour, salty, bitter, brothy (hans henning) |
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| 2 bulbs projecting from brain located above the sinus cavity and below the frontal lobes. receives info from ORC |
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| contain cilia that send signals to brain |
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| body senses consisting of the skin senses, kinesthetic sense, vestibular sense |
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| touch pressure temperature pain |
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| awareness of balance/ position |
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| melzak, wall; pain signals must pass through gate in spinal cord from body to brain |
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| tiny sacs just above cochlea, contain jelly fluid that have crystals that sense movement |
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| 3 tubes containing fluid with hairlike receptors when rotated |
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| explanation of motion sickness, info from eyes conflicts with vestibular senses resulting in nausea and dizziness |
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| method by which sensations experienced at any movement are interpreted/organized |
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| tendency to perceive objects, figures as background |
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| visual illusions in which figures and ground can be reversed |
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| complete figures that are incomplete |
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| perceive things as simple as possible |
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| perceive 2 things that happen close together in time as being related |
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| objects in front are closer to viewer |
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| farther away is more hazier |
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| smaller/finer as distance increases |
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object close, moves quick
object far, moves slowly |
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| changing thickness of lens in eye |
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| length is distorted by inward and outward angle |
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| moon on horizon appears much larger than moon in sky |
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| use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into unified whole |
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| analysis of smaller features and building up to complete perception |
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| perceiving things certain ways because of past experience |
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