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Definition
| any time molecules move across concentration gradient; no expell of energy. |
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| integral membrane protiens allow the cell to be selective about what passes through the membrane |
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| polar interior allows polar molecules to pass through |
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| bind to specific molecules that they tranport across membrane; can be hydrogen or covalent bond |
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| channel protein that allows passage of ions |
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| Channel Protein that are opened or closed in response to stimulus; may be chemical or electrical. |
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| movement of a molecule along its concentration gradient with the help of a carrier protein |
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| requires energy because goes against concentration gradient; requires help of carrier proteins |
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Definition
| Carrier protein; carries one molecule at a time |
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Definition
| Carrier protein; carries 2 molecules in same direction |
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Definition
| carrier proteins; carries 2 molecules in opposite directions |
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Definition
| accomplished by endocytosis and exocytosis |
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Definition
| an active transport mechanism; moves 3 Na out, and 2 K into cell |
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Definition
| phagocytosis (eats a cell), pinocytosis (same, but material is different), Receptor mediated endocytosis (bind to target molecules) |
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Definition
| material is discharged from cell |
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Definition
| stored energy; stored in chemical bonds that transfer from one molecule to another by way of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| radiation, heat, electrical, nuclear, hydro-energy, chemical |
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Term
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Definition
| measured in Kilocalories. One calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temp of water by 1 degree C |
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Term
| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Energy cannot be created or destroyed |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
energy available to work
G |
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Definition
energy contained in a molecule and chemical bonds
H |
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Definition
| when products contain more free energy than reactants |
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Term
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Definition
| when reactants contain more free energy than products |
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Term
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Definition
| UP; inward energy, a reaction requiring an input of energy. |
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Definition
| DOWN; outward energy, a reaction that releases free energy as heat |
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Definition
| physical site on enzyme where it interacts with substrate. |
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Definition
| responsible for breaking fructose and glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple enzymes required; cells form assembly line= entire reaction is faster. |
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Definition
| RNA with enzyme abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| form energy because often break due to hydrolysis, when they break they transfer energy used to perform work. |
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Definition
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Term
| noncompetitive inhibitors |
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Definition
| bind to sites other than the enzymes active site; prevents substrate from binding at active site. |
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Term
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Definition
| compete with the substrate for binding to the same active site |
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Term
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Definition
| exist in either an active or inactive state; on or off |
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Definition
| OFF; bind to allosteric site to inactivate the enzyme |
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Definition
| ON; bind to the allosteric site to activate the enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| sum of all chemical reactions in the body/cell that are occurring; regulated by certain hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| to build: take products of chemical reactions and bind them together. |
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Definition
| breaking down chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| usually metal ion that some enzymes require for proper enzymatic activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| non-protein organic molecules, act like enzyme. Electron donor or acceptor in a redox reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| series of reactions the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next reaction; often regulated by feedback inhibitions. |
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Term
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Definition
| feed info back into system to stop substrate production from reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| removal of an electron from a molecule of light; occurs when a particle of energy strike the pigment |
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Term
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Definition
| motion particles travel; distance between crests |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that absorb visible light; each pigment has a characteristic, either absorption spectrum or transmitted spectrum |
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Definition
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Term
| chlorophyll A & chlorophyll B |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| absorb wavelengths other than those absorbed by chlorophyll A or B |
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Term
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Definition
| complex of molecules to harvest suns energy. consist of: antenna complex and reaction center |
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Term
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Definition
| hundreds of accessory pigment molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more chlorophyll molecules |
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Term
| cyclic photophosphorylation |
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Definition
| an electron joins a photon to produce hydrogen gas; anaerobic rxn |
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Term
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Definition
| fix carbon atoms together to form glucose; occurs in stoma of chloroplasts; uses ATP and NADPH to run rxn |
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Term
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Definition
| 6-carbon sugar, glucose, is broken down into 2 molecules called pyruvate. net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules. occurs in cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| oxidizes the acetyl group from pyruvate; occurs in mitochondria. net gain of 2 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and plasma membrane of prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| series of membrane bound electron carriers; embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane. net gain 32 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| produces: Oxidation back to pyruvate by well-oxygenated muscle cells Pyruvate is then directly used to fuel the Krebs cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that make own food |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that get food from plants or animals |
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Term
| light dependent reactions |
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Definition
| rxns of photosynthesis that depend on light energy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| of atp or nadh to run rxn |
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Definition
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Definition
| typical in house plants. close stomata when hot to prevent water loss, uses CO2 left in plant to carry out photosynthesis |
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Definition
| oxidation of RuBP by addition of O2 |
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Definition
| plants in hot/dry climate. (corn, rice, wheat) attaches available CO2 to PEP that make a 4 carbon compound. CO2 stored and released later |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in C4, PEP reaction |
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Definition
| involved in C4, receives the 4 carbon compound and releases CO2 for calvin cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| (cactus) CO2 is captured at night when stomata is opened. Added to PEP which produces 4 carbon compound. releases CO2 during day. |
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