Term
| why are cyanobacterial crusts notable? |
|
Definition
| cyanobacterial crusts are the oldest fossils on earth. they are 3.5 billion years old. All guesses on life before cyanobacterial crusts comes from experimentation using early earth-like conidition |
|
|
Term
| How to we know about life before the earliest fossil records? |
|
Definition
| what we think we know about life before the earliest fossil records comes from experimentation using early earth-like conditions. The experiment was the Miller-Eury experiment, in which a "primitive atmosphere" lead to the creation of 17-20 amino acids |
|
|
Term
| what are the oldest fossils, how old are they? |
|
Definition
| the oldest fossils are cyanobacteria, they are 3.5 billion years old |
|
|
Term
what three things must be present for something to be considered life? these three things are the definition of life
|
|
Definition
1. accurate self-replication
2. genome inside a memebrane
3. metabolism, which is defined as the capture and use of energy |
|
|
Term
| how do we define metabolism in the context of defining life? |
|
Definition
| metabolism is defined as the capture and use of energy, a system must do this in some way (i.e. photosythesis, chemosynthesis, heterotrophically) to be considered life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the experiment that we base our understanding of pre-fossil record life off of. a "primitive atmosphere" was created, and 17-20 amino acids were abiotically created |
|
|
Term
| where on earth are the right conditions to created a reducing environment that can lead to the creation of organic compounds? |
|
Definition
| deep sea vents/volcanic eruptions are the places where natural conditions created that reducing environment that can lead to the creation of organic compounds |
|
|
Term
| five criteria for the first pre-biotic molecule |
|
Definition
1. all of the functions of a cell must be enocoded by a single jack-of-all-trades molecule
2. induvidual polymer units must be created by natural organic chemistry
3. must encode info
4. must be able to cataylze it's own replication
5. must catalyze reactions with proteins |
|
|
Term
| out of proteins, RNA, and DNA, which of them can do any of the functions requried by the first pre-biotic moleucule? |
|
Definition
| all three can do at least some of the functions, which is why they all play an vital role in modern cells. however, RNA is the only molecule that can do all three |
|
|
Term
| what versitality is needed by the first pre-biotic molecule? |
|
Definition
| the first pre-biotic molecule needed to be able to do all the functions required by the cell |
|
|
Term
| how must have the first pre-biotic molecule been put together? hint: the first pre-biotic molecule was a polymer |
|
Definition
| polymer units of the first pre-biotic molecule must have been formed by natural organic chemistry |
|
|
Term
| main tenant of the RNA world hypothesis |
|
Definition
| the main point of the RNA world hypothesis is that RNA was the first information molecule |
|
|
Term
| what modern function of RNA is evidence for the RNA world hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| rRNA in ribosomes acts as an enzyme and catalyzes protein synthesis, giving evidence for RNA's usefulness as a jack-of-all-trades molecule |
|
|
Term
| what special quality does RNA have that DNA doesn't have that allows RNA to be the jack-of-all-trades pre-biotic molecule? |
|
Definition
| RNA's single-strandedness allows it to act as an enzyme |
|
|
Term
| what special role did phospholipids most likley play in the origin of life, and why? |
|
Definition
| phospholipids make up modern cell membranes, they made up the first cell membranes because phosopholipids always form a container |
|
|
Term
| two advantages of RNA enclosed in a membrane |
|
Definition
1. genetic material (RNA) is localized
2. seperate environment inside the membrane |
|
|
Term
| osmotic stress and protocell reproduction |
|
Definition
| a way for early cells to divide, they would take on water by osmosis until they split, RNA would split too |
|
|
Term
| what was the early form of cell divison we learned about? |
|
Definition
| by the process of osmotic stress leading to protocell reproduction |
|
|
Term
| N.S. favored ____ and ___ in early cells |
|
Definition
| N.S. favored stability and high reproductive rates in early cells |
|
|
Term
| differences in survival and reproductive sucess in early cells was defined by 2 things |
|
Definition
1. RNA's ability to organize amino acids or membrane bound vesicles
2. RNA's stability |
|
|
Term
| if the RNA of a protocell had these two qualities, it gave the protocell a high chance of sucess |
|
Definition
1. RNA has ability to oraganize amino acids or membrane bound vesicles
2 RNA was stable |
|
|
Term
| equation for favoribility by N.S. of a protocell |
|
Definition
R= b-d
b is replication rate
d is mutation/degredation rate |
|
|
Term
| two problems with the RNA world hypothesis |
|
Definition
1. RNA catalysis (RNA acting as a catalyst) is slow compared to proteins
2. RNA has no self-correcting capacity |
|
|
Term
| 7 common features of all life |
|
Definition
1. DNA replication
2. follows central dogma
3. ribosomal machinery for protein synthesis
4. cellular membrane
5. universal genetic code
6. krebbs cycle
7. membrane-bound molecules turn ADP into ATP |
|
|
Term
| how did the first organism most likley obtain nutrients? |
|
Definition
| the first organisms was most likley an autotroph that ate chemicals |
|
|
Term
| what single genetic event did we learn about is extremely useful for tracing genes back up the evolutionary tree? |
|
Definition
| gene duplication is a very good way to trace genes back up the evolutionary tree |
|
|
Term
| example of seqeunce divergence |
|
Definition
| the example of seqeunce divergence given is two subunits of DNA that codes for ATPase. At least one of these two subunits of DNA are in each tree of life |
|
|
Term
| how can sequence divergence be used to relate two organisms? |
|
Definition
| % similarity between peices of genetic material that diverged can be is connected to how close two organisms are on the evolutionary tree |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gives evidence as to how close two organisms are on the evolutionary tree |
|
|
Term
| two organsisms share one subunit of DNA that codes for ATPase. how can thier relationship to each other on the evolutionary tree be understood from information from those subunits? |
|
Definition
| % similarity between the DNA in the subunits is evidence for how close the two organisms are on the evolutionary tree |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a parafilitic group is a group that contains a common ancestor and some, but not all of it's desendants |
|
|
Term
| what is notable about stromalites? |
|
Definition
| stromalites at bacteria that fossilize well |
|
|
Term
| where is metabolic cooperation seen? |
|
Definition
| metabolic cooperation is seen in in biofilms, which are a collection of microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| petidoglycan is found in ___ but not ___ |
|
Definition
| peptidoglycan is found in the cell walls of bacteria, not archea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prokaryotes go into this form in harsh conditions |
|
|
Term
| 3 things about cyanobacterium anabaena |
|
Definition
1. visible to human eye
2. specalized nitrogen-fixing cell
3. thrives in high-phosphorus conditions |
|
|
Term
| how have hyperthermotrophs been useful to humans? |
|
Definition
| hyperthermotrophs have heat-resistant DNA polymerase. we pulled DNA polyemerase from a hyperthermotroph called thermus aquaticus which we use in PCR because we can't have the DNA polyemerase degrading when we heat up the DNA to unravel it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moving of plasmid, which is genetic material, between bacterial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacterial transduction is when DNA is moved between bacteria by a virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when bacterial cell uptakes new DNA from it's environment |
|
|
Term
| describe the three ways bacteria can uptake new genetic information, give an explanation of each |
|
Definition
1. conjugation: plasmid goes from bacteria to bacteria via cell to cell contact
2. transduction: virus brings DNA from one bacteria to another
3. transformation: bacteria picks up DNA from the environment around it |
|
|
Term
| to see if gene transfer between bacteria is xenologus, you must know ____ |
|
Definition
| to know if gene transfer is xenologus, i.e. between related or unrelated bacteria, you must know relationship (relatedness) between bacteria |
|
|
Term
what kind of gene transfer is this?
http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v3/n9/images/nrmicro1204-f3.gif |
|
Definition
| the picture is of xenolgous gene transfer |
|
|
Term
| reticulate evolutionary tree |
|
Definition
| a reticulate evolutionary tree is a evolutionary tree with connection between previously diverged branches, it is a reasult of xenalogus gene transfer/hybrdization |
|
|
Term
| what affects how much information bacteria can pass between each other |
|
Definition
The further bacteria are away from one another on the evolutionary tree, the lower the recombination rate between them.
Another way of saying this is the amount of lateral gene transfer that bacteria can do is a result of their distance on the evolutionary tree |
|
|
Term
| what is the bacterial equivalent of speciation? |
|
Definition
| the bacterial equivalent of speciation is moving past lateral gene transfer |
|
|
Term
| definition of prokaryotic species, 3 things |
|
Definition
1. phenotypic consistency
2. 70% DNA-DNA binding. When DNA of the two organisms is heated up, it recombines to bind at least 70%
3. 97% of 16S rRNA gene-sequencing similarity. 16S r RNA is a specific gene, the 5S rRBA is also used in this context |
|
|
Term
| measurement of DNA-DNA binding, what is it and how is it used? |
|
Definition
| how well the genomes of two organisms reconnect after they are heated |
|
|
Term
| two types of routes of transmission of bacteria within eukaryotes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define vertical movement of bacteria within eukaryotes and provide and example in humans |
|
Definition
| vertical is bacteria being passed down from parents to offspring. Example: mitochondria are passed down maternally |
|
|
Term
| bacteria that vertically move from generation to generation can be ____ or ___ |
|
Definition
| bacteria that vertically move from generation to generation can be mutualistic or parasitic |
|
|
Term
| define horizontal movement of bacteria and give an example |
|
Definition
| horizontal movement of bacteria is bacteria moving form organism to organism, possibly living outside the host. an example are the microbes that live in termite guts that help them digest cellulose, to gain these microbes the termites can eat the feces of other termites. This is technically both vertical and horizontal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria that synthesize tryptophan, which aphids can't do on their own. They are passed maternally, and reside within a special bacteriome cell |
|
|
Term
| example of vertical movement of bacteria in aphids |
|
Definition
| aphids rely on buchnera in their specialized bacteriome cells which synthesize tryptophan for them. These buchnera are passed maternally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria found in pathenogenic nematodes, it helps the nematodes reproduce, is symbiotic with the nematodes. |
|
|
Term
| example of symbiotic bacteria in nemtodes |
|
Definition
| the symbiotic bacteria in nemtodes are called walbachia, they help the nematode reproduce |
|
|
Term
| compare the number of bacterial cells in the human body to the number of human cells |
|
Definition
| there are 10 times as many bacterial cells as human cells, they don't make up 10 times as much mass because bacterial cells are much smaller than human cells. |
|
|
Term
| symbiotic bacteria in the human body has the biggest effect on ____ and ____ |
|
Definition
| symbiotic bacteria in the human body has the biggest effect on the digestion and the immune system |
|
|
Term
| symbiotic bacteria in the human body weigh ___ pounds |
|
Definition
| symbiotic bacteria in the human body weigh 4-10 pounds |
|
|
Term
| gut flora has ____, _____, and ____ function |
|
Definition
| gut flora has structural, metabolic, and protective function |
|
|
Term
| what kind of microbial gut community does a fetus have? |
|
Definition
| a fetus has no microbial gut community, humans are infected at birth |
|
|
Term
| when are humans infected with gut microbial community? |
|
Definition
| humans are infected with the gut microbial community at birth |
|
|
Term
| at weaning, the human microbial community goes from ____ to _____ |
|
Definition
| at weaning, the human microbial community goes from mostly aerobes to mostly anaerobes |
|
|
Term
| are gut microbes in adult humans mostly anaerobic or mostly anaerobic? |
|
Definition
| gut microbes in adult humans are mostly anaerobic |
|
|
Term
| antibodies can have a negative effect on gut microbial community because after they are finished the community has ____ |
|
Definition
| after the antibiotic regimen is over, the the microbial community has evolved, and it undergoes an unusual progression back to the original state which can be detrimental to health of the gut flora |
|
|
Term
| do all humans have the same gut flora? |
|
Definition
| no, there are changes in some gut flora based on geographic location |
|
|
Term
| do any two humans have completley different microbes in thier gut flora? |
|
Definition
| no, some microbes are seen across all human gut flora's |
|
|
Term
| give an example of a non-human, non-termite specialized gut microbial community |
|
Definition
| cows have specialized gut microbial communities for breaking down grass |
|
|
Term
| 4 peices of evidence for bacterial origin of mitchondria/chloroplasts |
|
Definition
1. mitochrondria/chloroplasts only arise from other mitchondria/chloroplasts
2. both have two or more membranes
3. they have a distinct genome from thier host
4. each have distinct protein-synthesizing machinery from the host |
|
|
Term
| negative affect of walbachia on people |
|
Definition
| walbachia makes people blind |
|
|
Term
| what is notable about the number of polypeptides the mitchondrial genome makes, and why is the important |
|
Definition
| the mitochondrial genome can only make 13 polypeptides because everything that is rudundant with the host genome isn't needed anymore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proposed that the eukaroytic cell is a community of other cells, i.e. mitchondria and chloroplasts for example were once other cells |
|
|
Term
| primary vs secondary enodsymbiosis |
|
Definition
primary endosymbiosis: when a eukaryotic cell envelops but doesn't absorb a prokaryote
secondary: when a eukaryotic cell envelops another eukaryotic cell that underwent primary endosymbiosis to form a complex organism called a chimera, russian doll situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain pigments needed for photosynthesis, have circular DNA like prokaryotes |
|
|
Term
| there are some small eukaryotes that have genes for mitchondrial proteins but no mitochondira, explain why this is seen and give an example of these eukaryotes |
|
Definition
| these organisms once had mitochondria and then lost them but retained some genes of mitochondrial DNA. The example is excavates |
|
|
Term
| what is notable about excavates? |
|
Definition
| they have genes for mitchondrial proteins but no mitochondria, they the example of an organism that had mitochondria and lost them |
|
|
Term
| what three kinds of pigments can be present in plastids? |
|
Definition
1. chloroplasts
2. rhodoplasts
3. apicoplasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| free-living, aquatic flagellates with diverse modes of nutrition, they are heterotrophs who swallowed autotrophs |
|
|
Term
| how many genomes in one cell of a corn plant? |
|
Definition
| there are three genomes in one cell of a corn plant, the corn's genome, the chloroplast genome, and the mitochondrial genome |
|
|
Term
| how can development of a person affect gut microbes? |
|
Definition
| if a person develops in overly hygienic conditions, then their gut flora may not be fully developed |
|
|
Term
| how can development of a person affect gut microbes? |
|
Definition
| if a person develops in overly hygienic conditions, then their gut flora may not be fully developed |
|
|
Term
| how can development of a person affect gut microbes? |
|
Definition
| if a person develops in overly hygienic conditions, then their gut flora may not be fully developed |
|
|
Term
| what is the consequence of gut microbes being environmentally acquired? |
|
Definition
| one consequence of gut microbes being environmentally acquired is that people who develop in overly hygienic conditions may not develop full diversity in their gut flora |
|
|
Term
| incomplete gut flora has an association with these two diseases |
|
Definition
1. crohns disease
2. irritable bowel syndrome |
|
|
Term
| what effect can poor flora have on metalbolism |
|
Definition
| poor gut flora is associated with poor metabolism and obesity |
|
|
Term
| most basic problem with a large cell |
|
Definition
| feeding the whole thing is slow because volume increases at a faster rate than surface area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimum energy production required by a cell/organism to stay alive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flux = (permeability)(area)(concentration gradient) |
|
|
Term
| what determines permeability of a membrane for a token membrane in fick's law? |
|
Definition
| pemerability of a membrane= porosity*thickness |
|
|
Term
| what determines concentration gradient in fick's law? |
|
Definition
| the difference in concentration between the two sides of the membrane |
|
|
Term
| molecular weight's realtionship to diffusion rate |
|
Definition
| molecular weight is inversely related to diffusion rate |
|
|
Term
| diffusion time/rate determines 2 things |
|
Definition
1. size of cell
2. arcitchure of multi-cellular and single-celled organisms |
|
|
Term
| sponges have four ways of getting around the problem of slow diffusion for such a large organism |
|
Definition
1. their body is comprised of two thing layers, their living tissue is slow overall
2. in the cell towards the outside, non-living substances fills between ectodermal and endodermal layers
3. constant flow of water on both the interior and exterior of cell structure
4. specialized cells carry food from inside to outside |
|
|
Term
| how can multicellular organisms without circulatory systems minimize the problem of slow diffusion? |
|
Definition
| their shape is made to maximize surface area, so the maximum number of cells are in contact with the natural environment |
|
|
Term
| a circulatory system allows organisms to ____ |
|
Definition
| a circulatory system allows organisms to beat the problem of slow diffusion and get fat |
|
|
Term
| fish's gills are shaped in a certain way, why is this? |
|
Definition
| fish's gills are shaped to maximize surface area to maximize diffusion |
|
|
Term
| how can trees deal with the problem of slow diffusion? |
|
Definition
| the majority of a tree is dead cells |
|
|
Term
| advantage of large size specifically for organisms in water |
|
Definition
| there is no boundary layers, so organisms can filter more of the food that comes to them in the water |
|
|
Term
| how does larger size affect movement? |
|
Definition
| larger organisms can move faster and move against the wind, which some organisms are too small to do |
|
|
Term
| how does larger size affect hunting/predation? |
|
Definition
| the larger you are the more things you can feasibly hunt and the fewer things can feasibly hunt you |
|
|
Term
| metabolism related to organism size |
|
Definition
| metabolism goes up as organism gets bigger, but metabolism per unit mass goes down i.e. efficiency increases |
|
|
Term
| advantage of large size in terms of potential complexity |
|
Definition
| as organisms get larger, their cells can specialize |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of an organism that blurs the line between multicellular colony? |
|
Definition
| slime molds, they mostly act as a colony of single celled organisms but sometimes they all get together and crawl around |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
germ cells are reproductive
soma cells are non-reproductive |
|
|
Term
| germline sequestration reduces mutation rate b/c |
|
Definition
1. mitotic arrest
2. metabolic acvitivty reduces oxidative activity |
|
|
Term
| from an evolutionary perspective, what are somatic cells? |
|
Definition
| from an evolutionary perspective, somatic cells are an evolutionary dead end as their exact DNA will never be passed on, they only have altrusitic affect |
|
|
Term
| what induvidual cells in a multicellular organism are evolutionary dead end? |
|
Definition
| all soma cells will never pass their exact DNA on, so they are all "dead ends" and must help the germ cells reproduce via altruism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived shared characteristic between related organisms |
|
|
Term
| closest relative to animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major synapomorphy between fungi and animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name 6 common characteristcs of metazoa |
|
Definition
1. multicellular
2. heterotrophic
3. have collagen, which the main protein of connective tissue
4. life cycle with diploid phase dominant
5. unique muscle and nervous tissue
6. special gene arrangement, special similarity in the Hox Gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden increase in diversity, was all aquatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are choanoflagelletes notable? |
|
Definition
| choanoflagelletes are notable because they are the closest living relative to animals. also they are sperm-like |
|
|
Term
| when was the cretaceous period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 570-505 million years ago |
|
|
Term
| 570-505 million years ago |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two parts of uniformitarianism we should know |
|
Definition
| sediment on top is generally younger, and fossils on top are closer to extant species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extant species means not extinct |
|
|
Term
| what ended the cretaceous period |
|
Definition
| a mass extinction due to an asteriod. This event left us with the K-T boundary layer. It left a layer of iridium in rock. There is a crater in Yucatan from the impact |
|
|
Term
| what geological evidence did the mass extinction at the end of the cretaceous period leave? |
|
Definition
| the mass extinction left an iridium layer in the rock and the K-T boundary |
|
|
Term
| what was the shift from C3:C4 grasses due to? |
|
Definition
| the shift from C3:C4 grasses was due to drying |
|
|
Term
| how did organisms adapt to the shift of C3 to C4 grasses? |
|
Definition
| herbavores got bigger teeth to eat the C4 grasses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| L. Tridentata is an idicator species for deserts in paleoclimate studies |
|
|
Term
| who developed the theory of plate tectonics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plate tectonics suggests what about the biodiversity in India, Madacasgar, and Africa? |
|
Definition
| plate tectonics suggest organisms in madagascar should be more closely related to organisms in India than in Africa because of how the island moved over time |
|
|
Term
| disjunct distribution definition |
|
Definition
| related organisms are distributed across geographically separated area, like different continents, often due to continents splitting apart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| massive extinction of large mammals due to overhunting of first people in North America |
|
|
Term
| when did trilobites evolve? |
|
Definition
| trilobites evolved in the cambrian era |
|
|
Term
| when was the biggest extinction event, and what occurred during it |
|
Definition
| 95% of organisms went extinct during the permian extinction, what occurred was volcanoes under glaciers produced water vapor that covered the sun for years |
|
|
Term
| _____ rebounds after a mass extinction |
|
Definition
| diversification rebounds after a mass extinction |
|
|
Term
| what does equilibrium of niches refer to? |
|
Definition
| equilibrium of niches refers to the large number of possibilities for organisms during the rebound in diversifacation after a mass extinction |
|
|
Term
| what organisms rebound particularly hard after a mass extinction event? |
|
Definition
| insects rebound particularly hard after a mass extinction event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when species go extinct naturally, without a mass extinction event |
|
|
Term
| average lifepsan of a species before it goes extinct |
|
Definition
| average lifespan of a species is one million years before it goes extinct |
|
|
Term
| what is the most recent likley mass extinction? |
|
Definition
| we are currently most likely in a man-made mass extinction period |
|
|
Term
| what is one thing that suggests we could be in a new, man-made era? |
|
Definition
| one thing that suggest we live in a new, distinct, man-made era is humans changed the nitrogen signal of the plants as nitrogen fixation went from being done by mostly natural bacteria to be being done mostly by bacteria in farms |
|
|
Term
| 3 processes that changed the composition of the atmosphere, turning it from the unlivable early atmosphere to a modern one |
|
Definition
1. volanic activity spewing out water vapor, CO2, and nitrogen
2. chemical reactions from acid rain (acid rain is a result of CO2 and water)
3. photosynthesis, which takes in CO2 and releases oxygen |
|
|
Term
| cambrian is important because |
|
Definition
| cambrian is important because it brough about many of the animals we see today |
|
|
Term
| what era brought about the most modern animals? |
|
Definition
| the cambrian era brought about many of the animals that are seen today |
|
|
Term
| what is the synapomorphy of porifera? |
|
Definition
| flagella are the synapomorphy of porifera |
|
|
Term
| cost of sex/recombination |
|
Definition
1. you have to give up half your genome
2. cost of mieosis is it garantees change, usually a good thing but if you are perfectly adapted it is a bad thing |
|
|
Term
| what is contained by each of the two global spatial scales |
|
Definition
| each hemisphere has a it's own set of species in it |
|
|
Term
| when did most animal phyla develop? |
|
Definition
| most animal phyla developed in the cambrian era |
|
|
Term
| what was special about the animals that developed during the cambrian era? |
|
Definition
| all of the animals that developed during the cambrian era were aquatic |
|
|
Term
| which wastes more water, C3 or C4 plants? |
|
Definition
| C3 plants waste more water |
|
|
Term
| how did scientists get their hands on isotopic data to examine history of vegation in the desert? |
|
Definition
| they examined a giant ball of multi-generational pack rat urine |
|
|
Term
| if you build a a number of phylogenic trees based on shared characteristics between organsims, what is the rule of thumb for which phylogenic tree is best? |
|
Definition
| the best phyolgenic tree is the one that incorperates the fewest number of changes |
|
|
Term
| define pleisiomorphy and give an example |
|
Definition
| pleisiomorphy is a characteristic that is shared by a group but doesn't define that group, i.e. that characteristic is also in outgroups. an example could be vertabrae in mammals |
|
|
Term
| cells that don't have mitochondria make up for it by ____ |
|
Definition
| cells that don't have mitchondria make up for it by having genes that code for proteins to function as mitochonria |
|
|
Term
| how did plastids arise in plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a plastid is a double membrane bound organelle which plays a role in synthesis and storage of food |
|
|
Term
| have mitochondria developed multiple times? |
|
Definition
| mitchondria developed only once |
|
|
Term
| what are glaucophytes, why are they notable? |
|
Definition
| glaycophytes are freshwater, microscopic algae with plastids that still have a peptidoglycan layer |
|
|
Term
| what is special about plastids in glaucophytes? |
|
Definition
| the plasitds in glaucocytes still have a have peptidoglycan layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parts of glauocophytes that capture light |
|
|
Term
| how would plastids end up in a eukaryotic heterotroph? |
|
Definition
| plastids were first engulfed by a cyanobacteria molecule, then that cyanobacteria was engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote |
|
|
Term
| chloroplasts rely on proteins sythesized by ______ |
|
Definition
| chloroplasts rely on proteins synthesized by three different genomes: nucleous, mitchondira, and nucleomorph |
|
|
Term
| a nucleomorph genome has given up ____ |
|
Definition
| a nucleomorph genome has given up genes coding for enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-photosythetic plastid (has own genome) found in malaria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parasites with apicoplasts |
|
|
Term
| seeing peptidoglycan is a sign of _____ |
|
Definition
| peptidoglycan is a sign of origin in eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taking up food using osmosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| between archea and bacteria, which are eukaryotes most closely related to |
|
Definition
| eukaryotes are more closely related to archea than bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elongation factors are when 120 amino acids bind together and bring amino-acyl tRNA's to ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| wolbachia's reproductive manipulation |
|
Definition
| walbachia's reproductive manipulation is trying to make sure there are more females born than males |
|
|
Term
| oxygen consumption rate is connected to rate of what other biologic process |
|
Definition
| oxygen consumption rate in indicator of respiration rate/rate of energy use |
|
|
Term
| how do you measure the basal metabolic rate |
|
Definition
| the basal metabolic rate can be measured by the oxygen consumption rate |
|
|
Term
| volvox and the diffusion problem |
|
Definition
| genus of green algae that gets around the diffusion problem by having bodies that are hollow cells to maximize the number of cells near the environment |
|
|
Term
| how are spider's circulatory system specialzied? |
|
Definition
| spiders have book lungs, a specialized type of lung on their undersides |
|
|
Term
| what animals have a haploid multicellular stage in thier life cycle? |
|
Definition
| no animals have a haploid multiceullar stage in their life cycle |
|
|
Term
| everything past sponges share these two qualities |
|
Definition
1. two or three embreyonic cell layer aka diploblastic or triploblastic
2. specialized tissue |
|
|
Term
| in protostomata, blastopore becomes _____ |
|
Definition
| in protostomata, blastopore becomes mouth |
|
|
Term
| what non-parasitic organism within platyhalmethis did we learn about? what quality does it have that makes it important? |
|
Definition
| we learned about planaria, which can regeneration their entire bodies from 1/256th of one organism |
|
|
Term
| how do planaria regenerate so much of their bodies? |
|
Definition
| planaria have neoblast cells in their adult form. Neoblasts are stem cells that can become anything |
|
|
Term
| what parasitic organism within platyhelminthes did we look at? what is it's life cycle? |
|
Definition
| schistrosomiasis are parasitic organsims within platyhelminthes, they infect snails as an intermediate between mammal hosts |
|
|
Term
| what synapomorphy about mollusca did we learn? |
|
Definition
| the synapomorphy of mollusca are the three body regions: the mantle which is a sheet-like covering of the body, a muscular foot, and the visceral mass where the organs are |
|
|
Term
| phylum rotifers have what kind of gut system? |
|
Definition
| rotifers have pseudocoelom and complete gut |
|
|
Term
| how common is asexuality within organisms? what are the pros and cons of asexuality? |
|
Definition
| less than 1% of all organisms are asexual. the cons of asexuality is asexual colonies are susceptible to disease. the pros are you don't have the cost of sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. needing a male for reproduction slows down population growth because an asexual female can make offspring more quickly
2. recombination in mieosis forces some change, so perfectly adapted induviduals would inevitably become less fit |
|
|
Term
| two ways that asexual rotifers avoid disease |
|
Definition
1. temporal escape, which is going into prolonged dormancy
2. spacial escape, which is running away |
|
|
Term
| what advantages does a hydrostatic skeleton give? |
|
Definition
| hydrostatic skeleton gives flexibility, for example some starfish turn themselves inside out to feed |
|
|
Term
| what major phyla do ecdysozoans contain |
|
Definition
| ecdysozoans contain nemtoda and anthropods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4-membrane, non-functioning plastids found in malaria and other parasites |
|
|
Term
| examples of paraphyltic group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hox genes control development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| buchnera synthesize tryptohpan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seperation of sex and non-sex cells in embreyo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease caused by toxoplasma that makes people go crazy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many sets of DNA do euglena have |
|
Definition
| euglena have 4 sets of DNA: chloroplasts, mitchondria, nucleomorph and nucleous |
|
|
Term
| what are the two phylum in ecdysozoans? |
|
Definition
| the two phylum in ecdoysozoans are nematoda, and anthropods |
|
|
Term
| what larger group within protostomes are roundworms part of, and what is their formal name? |
|
Definition
| roundworms=nematoda, they are under ecodysozoa which are protostomes |
|
|
Term
| what kind of organisms are annelidia, and what quality did we learn about them? what larger group within protostomes are they in |
|
Definition
| annelida are segmented worms, and they have a closed circulatory system, they are within lophotrochozoans |
|
|
Term
| three groups within anthropods |
|
Definition
the three groups within anthropods are
1. insects
2. crustaceans
3. arachnids |
|
|
Term
| the phylum anthropods dominate most of the world, which groups on anthropods dominate where? |
|
Definition
| crustaceans dominate the ocean, insects dominate the land |
|
|
Term
| name four general features of insects |
|
Definition
1. external and internal body segmentation, with tendency towards tagmosis, which is seperation in head, thorax and abdomen
2. exoskeleton composed of cuticle
3. open circulatory system with dorsal heart
4. molting is part of the growing process |
|
|
Term
| left off on why insects are so sucessful |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three groups in chordates |
|
Definition
1. urochordata
2. cephalochordata
3. craniata |
|
|
Term
| which chordates are coelomates |
|
Definition
| all chordates are coelomates |
|
|
Term
| what organism did we learn about within urochordates, and what are two things that make it special? |
|
Definition
| tunicates are urochordates, they lose their notochord in adulthood and are the only animals to synthesize cellulose |
|
|
Term
| out of the three subgroups are chordates, which two are more closely related? |
|
Definition
| urochordates and crainiata are more closely related than cephalochordates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synapomorphy of craniata is skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have skull and vertabrae but a reduced notochord |
|
|
Term
| what was the first group to get the hard bones needed to live on land? |
|
Definition
| osteichyans were the first group to get the hard bones needed to live on land |
|
|
Term
| biggest problem with breathing air |
|
Definition
| the biggest problem with breathing air is losing water |
|
|
Term
| what did lungs evolve from? |
|
Definition
| lungs evolved from a swim bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| platyhelminthes are the acoelomates |
|
|
Term
| who are the psuedoceolomates |
|
Definition
| nematoda are the psuedocoeolmates |
|
|
Term
| what is the synapomorphy of echindoerms? |
|
Definition
|
|
