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Data:
X: 5 4 3 2
Y: 1 2 3 4
(ΣX) (ΣY) |
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Definition
(5+4+3+2) = 14
(1+2+3+4) = 10
14x10 = 140 |
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Data:
X: 5 4 3 2
Y: 1 2 3 4
ΣXY |
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5x1 = 5
4x2 = 8
3x3 = 9
2x4 = 8
5+8+9+8=30 |
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| Data as originally collected |
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| Arranging the data from the highest numerical value to the lowest; usually done in a list format |
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| Quick and easy way to put a list of numbers into order while getting a picture of its shape |
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| Stem and Leaf Display (Stemplot) |
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| Graphical display presenting original data arranged into a histogram |
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| Stem and Leaf Disply (Stemplot) |
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Term
Identify the term associated with stem & leaf displays:
The left most digits of a number (most significant digits) |
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Identify the term associated with stem & leaf displays:
Vertical axis of display containing the leading digits |
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Identify the term associated with stem & leaf displays:
The right most digits of a number; less significant digits |
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Identify the term associated with stem & leaf displays:
Horizontal axis of display containing the trailing digits |
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| If you turn this data display 90 degrees, you can see the shape of the curve |
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| A distribution in which the values of the dependent variable are tabled or plotted against their frequency of occurance |
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| Simple Frequency Distribution |
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| Refers to the table used to organize data on the basis of the number of times each raw score occurs |
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| Simple Frequency Distribution |
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| The number of times a raw score occurs |
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| Lists the highest and lowest scores including each possible score between the two |
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| Simple Frequency Distribution |
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| Groups that are numerically defined in such a way that any given raw score can belong to one and only one group |
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| Class Intervals (Apparent Limits) |
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| When there are gaps between the intervals in the grouped frequency distribution |
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| When there are no gaps between the intervals in the grouped frequency distribution. Those points falling one half a measurement unit above or below a number |
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| The average of the upper and lower real limits; the point halfway within each "apparent (class) limit" |
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| The number of enries in a specific interval |
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| The running total of frequencies; the grequency of all scores at or below a particular score |
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| Percentage of time the raw score occurs in the sample |
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Relative frequency/Relative percentage
R%= (f/N) x 100 |
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| Percentage of total frequencies; running total of relative percentage |
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Cumulative Percentage
C% = (cumulative frequency x 100)/N |
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| What is often closely associated with percentile? How do you determine percentile? |
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Cumulative Frequency
Percentile is the percentage of scores at or below a particular score. The score at the nth percentile is the upper real limit of the interval |
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| Pictures related to stemplots; graph in which rectangles are used to represent frequencies of observations within each interval. ALWAYS TOUCHES. |
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| What is on the vertical axis of a histogram? |
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| What is on the horizontal axis of a histogram? |
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The scores expressed as "real limits"
Below add the midpoints of each "real limit" |
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Describe the Distribution:
Having the same shape on both sides of center; mirror image both sides of graph |
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Describe the Distribution:
A distribution having two distinct peaks |
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Describe the Distribution:
A distribution having one distinct peak |
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Describe the Distribution:
The number of meaningful peaks in a frequency distribution of data |
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Describe the Distribution:
A measure of the degree to which a distribution is symmetrical |
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Describe the Distribution:
A distribution that trails off to the right
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Describe the Distribution:
A distribution that trails off to the left |
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| If a graph of grades had more high exam scores, what kind of skew would it display? |
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| If a graph of grades had more low exam scores, what kind of skew would it display? |
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Describe the Distribution:
An extreme point that stands out from the rest of the distribution |
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| What is the standard to determine an outlier? |
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| A raw score that is 3 or more standard deviations from the mean |
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| Numerical values that refer to the center of the distribution |
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| Measures of central tendency |
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Identify the measure of central tendency:
The most commonly occuring score(s) |
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Identify the measure of central tendency:
The score corresponding to the point having 50% of the observations below it and 50% above when arranged in numerical order. The midpoint of the data |
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| How do you calculate the median if you have an even number of data? |
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| It is calculated by going halfway between the two middle scores |
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Identify the measure of central tendency:
The sum of the scores divided by the number of scores |
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Mean, Median, or Mode?
Good descriptive measure; poor inferential measure
Useful to obtain fast estimate of central tendency for nominal data
Used when you want to know the score of greatest number of subjects |
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Mean, Median, or Mode?
ADV: score actually occured, not affected by extreme scores, represents the largest number of people
DIS: not necessarily representative of the data |
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| Ability of your data to stay relatively similar between samplings |
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What is the most stable to least stable?
Mean/Median/Mode |
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Mean is most stable
Median is second most stable
Mode is least stable |
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Mean, Median, or Mode?
Used when you have a fairly small distribution and few extreme scores. Used when there are some missing or estimated scores |
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Mean, Median, or Mode?
ADV: not disproportionately affected by extreme scores
DIS: not stable from sample to sample, its value may not exist in data |
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Mean, Median, or Mode?
Most useful, most common measure of central tendency. Based on all the data, not just a portion. More stable. |
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Mean, Median, or Mode?
ADV: Can be manipulated algebraically. Can write a standard equation for it. More stable, less variable
DIS: Sometimes influenced by scores, its value may not exist in data |
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In a bimodal distribution, what can you have 2 of?
Mean, Median, or Mode?
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| The degree to which individual data points are distributed around the mean |
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| The flatter the graph is, the ______ varied it is |
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| The more peaked the graph is, the ______ varied it is |
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| The highest score - the lowest score |
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The 75th percentile - the 25th percentile
The Upper midpoint - the Lower midpoint |
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| The Interquartile Range (IQR) |
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| The most accurate (of the three) measures of variability |
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| The sum of the squared deviations about the mean divided by (n-1) |
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| The sum of the squared deviations about the mean divided by N |
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| The measure of the average deviations of each score from the mean; the postive square root of the variance |
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| Is it possible to have a negative variance? How about a variance of 0? |
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| A specific distribution having a characterstic bell-shape form |
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| Height of a curve for a given value of X; closely related to the probability of an observation in an interval around X |
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What kind of symmetry do normal curves display?
What is their relationship to the X axis? |
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Normal curves are symmetric
The tails never actually touch the X axis |
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| _____ z scores correspond to scores above the mean |
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| _____ z scores correspond to scores below the mean |
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| Tells us how far from a mean a score is in standard deviation units and in which direction |
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| Z score (aka standard score) |
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| The number of standard deviation units above or below the mean |
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| A transformation involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division of or by a constant |
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