Term
| What grade am I getting on this exam? |
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Definition
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Term
| The first demonstration that DNA is the genetic material underlying inheritance is credited to who? |
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Definition
| Americans Oswald Avery, Collin macLeod, and Maclyn McCarty in 1944 |
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Term
| The covalently linked backbone of DNA has a structure that can vibe summaried as... |
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Definition
| Ribose, phosphate, ribose, phosphate |
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Term
| In addition to James Watson and Francis Crick, the Nobel prize for solving the structure of DNA was awarded to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What features of DNA correspinds to the .34 nm repeating pattern detected with X-ray crystallography by Franklin? |
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Definition
| The distance between each base pair or rung of the helical ladder |
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Term
| Which base in a DNA template would lead to a uracil being incorporated into a transcribed RNA molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| The promoter region of genes contains a special section of DNA where RNA polymerase initiates transcription. It is.... |
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Definition
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Term
| A reference human genome sequence was completely determined in time for the 50th anniversary of the publication by Watson and crick of DNA structure that is in... |
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Definition
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Term
| The fruit fly ( drosophila melanogaster) has a genome or around _____million base pairs containing about ______genes |
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Definition
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Term
| Facts about the genetic code... |
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Definition
Essentially universal in life (except codons in mitochondria)
highly redundant, several codons commonly encoding the same amino acid
interpreted in a non-overlapping fashion of 3 base pairs
false:
different in 3 major domains of life (bacteria, archea, and eukaryotes) |
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Term
| The peptide bond connecting amino acids in a newly forming protein are catalyzed by the... |
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Definition
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Term
| Unusual proteins called prions can cause encephalopathies in mammals by... |
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Definition
| Converting additional copies of prion protein into a different conformation |
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Term
| What % of the human genome directly encodes for amino acids in proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the features of operons in bacteria? |
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Definition
- Repressor protein is constitutivly expressed at low levels
- Repressor protein is capable of binding in the operaptor region, which overlaps the promoter region
- The gene in an operon are not necessarily related to each other, but concern a common biochemical role
False:
are an excellent example of positive feedback control of gene expression |
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Term
| In eukaryotic cells the DNA is organized into nucleosomes by a group of proteins called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bisphenol-A or BPA is considered to be an enviromnental toxin primarly because it can mimic steroid hormones, but also because it can affect the regulation of gene expressiion by interfering with what? |
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Definition
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Term
| facts about cancer development... |
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Definition
- our genome contains proto-oncogens that when mutated can lead to cancer
- suppressor genes when inactivated by mutations can allow cancers to develop
- metastasis of cancer results from mutation of cell-adhesion genes like cadherins
FALSE:
cancer-causing viruses carry suppressor genes that prevent cancers
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Term
| endonucleases know as restriction enzymes are useful in cloning of DNA because... |
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Definition
| when they cut they often leave "sticky" ends |
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Term
| when performing PCR as invented by Kary Mullis, the repeated cycle of operation is... |
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Definition
denature DNA at high temp
anneal primers at low temp
extend primers with DNA polymerase |
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Term
| the current goal of the National Institutes for Health and various DNA sequencing companies is to be able to sequence all 6 billion base pairs of DNA in individual people for around___dollars, to allow for personalized medicine. |
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Definition
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Term
| Many crop plants have been genetically engineered to express a protein that is toxic to insects derived from what? |
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Definition
| Bacillus thuringienis bacteria |
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Term
| what has gene therapy in humans been developed to help individuals affected with? |
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Definition
SCID or Severe combined immune deficiency
cystic fibrosis
angina pectoris
but not autism |
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Term
| in a resting neuron the concentration of sodium is... |
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Definition
| higher on the outside of the cell than the inside |
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Term
| the myelin sheath of a neuron that expedites the transmission of action potential covers the____ |
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Definition
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Term
| multiple sclerosis is a disease in which the _____of neurons are lost, leading to neuronal death. |
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Definition
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Term
| neurotransmitters are released from where? |
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Definition
| synaptic vesicles on the presynaptic side of a synapse |
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Term
| a strong stimulus is usually reflected in a sensory neuron by what? |
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Definition
| more frequent action potentials |
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Term
| Mammalian retinas contain what compontents? |
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Definition
photoreceptor neurons
bipolar and ganglion interneurons
at least two additional kinds of interneurons |
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Term
| the retinal chromophore associated with opsin proteins is related to which vitamin? |
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Definition
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Term
| The only sensory neurons that regularly divide and hence regenerate in us are |
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Definition
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Term
| cephalization or the formation of a distinct brain near the front of animals occurs in... |
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Definition
| only in bilaterally symmetrical animals |
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Term
| our hindbrain does not include the what |
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Definition
hypothalamus
but does include...
medulla oblongata
pons
cerebellum |
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Term
| the grey matter of the cortex of our forebrain consists of what |
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Definition
| cell bodies of interneurons |
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Term
| the temporal lobe of our forebrain is primarily concerned with processing of _____input |
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Definition
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Term
| what is found inthe epidermis layer of our skin? |
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Definition
keratin
basal cells
melanin
but not capillaries |
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Term
| which of the many types of leukocytes or white blood cells specializes in attacking infective worms? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
derived from megakaryocytes
involved in blood clotting
smaller than erythrocytes
they are not larger than leukocytes |
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Term
| one of the first steps in the innate immune response is that basophils attach to tissues surrounding a wound or bacterial infection, mature into mass cells, and... |
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Definition
| release histamines that cause vascodilation and increased capillary permeability |
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Term
| the cell-mediated immune response conducted by T-cells is primarily directed against infections with intracellular pathogens including primarily what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| foreign proteins that elicit an immune response |
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Term
| the primary role of the thymus in immunity is to what? |
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Definition
| screen out lymphocytes that have antibodies or receptors for self proteins |
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