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Exam 2
ogle, wcjc
80
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/13/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
B.F Skinner
Definition
founder of operant conditioning
Term
Ivan Pavlov
Definition
-founder of classical conditioning
-research on digestive
-possibly look at 4.1 idk
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
-form of behavioral learning
-a neutral stimulus gets power to mimic the same response by the other stimulus
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
-form of behavioral learning
-individual acts on environment
-change behavior based on consequences of behavior (reward/punishment)
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
Stimulus GIVEN to increase the chance of a response reoccurring
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
Stimulus TAKEN away to increase the chance of a response reoccurring
Term
Neutral Stimulus
Definition
-Part of Acquisition
-Is paired with unconditioned stimulus
-repetition
-elicits no response prior to learning
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus
Definition
Elicits response w/o learning
Term
Stimulus generalization
Definition
To respond to the same/similar stimuli
Term
Stimulus discrimination
Definition
Specific response to a particular stimulus and not to similar stimuli
Term
Extinction
Definition
A conditioned response (a response elicited by previous neutral stimulus) that weakens when there is no unconditioned stimulus
Term
Punishment
Definition
Aversive consequences that weaken undesirable behaviors
Term
Positive punishment
Definition
aversive (to avoid) stimulus is given to decrease chances of reoccurring behavior (spanking,time out)
Term
Negative punishment
Definition
removal of stimulus as consequence to decrease chance of reoccurring behavior (take away car keys, phone)
Term
How do you make punishment effective/What should you do?
Definition
-A combination of several tactics
-reinforce desirable behaviors and extinction/logical consequences on undesirable ones
-the power of punishment usually disappears when the threat of punishment is removes
-triggers escape/agression
-punishment should be swift,certain,limited induration/intensity,limited to certain situation,no mixed signals,target only behavior most effective is negative punishment
-metaphor:is almost like archerty: fast,accurate,an arrow to the knee is temporary, target is clear, and only goes for red center. Okay bad metaphor but its pretty good..atleast I didn't use a knife in a stabbing or something..thats just dark.
Term
Schedules of reinforcement(2 types)
Definition
-2 types
Ration:rewards after certain # of responses
Interval:rewards after certain time interval
Term
Wolfgang Kohler
Definition
-Gestalt Psychologist
-Learn to solve problems by suddenly perceiving familiar objects in new forms or relationships (reorganization of perceptions)(i.e., Sultan, the chimp)
Term
What are the 3 stages of memory
Definition
-sensory
-working/short term memory
-long term
Term
What is the first stage of memory?
Definition
-1st stage:snsory momory
-briefly holds "senosry" info. to enter working/short term memory
-holds for 1/4 of second
-holds 12-16 items=pretty awesome...I can't hold that many things unless I have a bag....or if its paper..or if I have octopus arms
-images take form on nerve impulses in sense organs and pathway to brain
-there is a list about our different senses (i.e visual, auditory)
Term
Visual (part of 1st stage of memory)
Definition
iconic memory
Term
Echoic Memory (part of 1st stage of memory)
Definition
auditory
Term
Touch(part of 1st stage of memory)
Definition
tactile sensory memory
Term
Olfactory sensory memory (part of 1st stage of memory)
Definition
smell
Term
Taste(part of 1st stage of memory)
Definition
gustatory sensory memory
Term
what is the 2nd stage of memory?
Definition
-Working/short-term memory
-process conscious experience
-selects info from sensory memory
-area where we sort/encode info before adding it to long term memory
-access and retrieves info from long-term memory (thinking)
-holds info for 20 sec
-hold 7 items
-smallest capacity of the 3 memory stages
-this is why it is difficult to do 2 things at once
-look into 3 parts of working memory
Term
What are the 3 parts of working memory?
Definition
-Central executive
-Phonological loop
-Sketch pad
Term
Central Executive ( part of 2nd stage of memory)
Definition
-directs attention to material taken from long-term memory (remembering)
-directs to important input from sensory memory (like I would ignore the ache in my shoulders to concentrate on my hitting my knee on the table...this just happened :c)
Term
phonological loop ( part of 2nd stage of memory)
Definition
temporarily stores sound
Term
sketchpad
Definition
stores/manipulates vidsual images
Term
What are the 2 mental strategies to get info into long term memory? ( part of 2nd stage of memory)
Definition
-Chunking
-Rehearsal
Term
what is chunking (part of 2nd stage of memory and a strategy to get info into the ltm)
Definition
organize info into small meaningful units to free up space (remember phone number in chunks)
Term
What is rehearsal? (part of 2nd stage of memory and a strategy to get info into the ltm)
Definition
-Maintenance rehearsal: info is repeated to keep it from fading
-Elaborative rehearsal:actively reviewed and related to info in long-term memory
Term
What is the 3rd stage of memory?
Definition
-Long term memory
-unlimited storage capacity
-concatin total knowledge
-store info for lifetime
-has 2 parts of long term memory
Term
What are the 2 parts of long term memory
Definition
-procedural memory
-declarative memory
Term
What is procedural memory (part of 3rd stage of memory and is 1 of the 2 parts of the 3rd stage)
Definition
store memory for HOW to do things
Term
what is a declarative memory? (part of 3rd stage of memory and is 1 of the 2 parts of the 3rd stage)
Definition
store info that we can DESCRIBE
-has 2 subdivions: episodic and semantic
Term
What are the 2 subdivisions in declarative memory? (part of long-term memory)
Definition
-episodic memory
-semantic memory
Term
What is episodic memory? (part of declarative memory which is a part of long-term memory)
Definition
-store:
-personal experience
-temporal coding/WHEN an event occurred
-context coding/WHERE event took place
Term
What is semantic memory?
(part of declarative memory which is a part of long-term memory)
Definition
stores knowledge-i.e word meaning/concepts
Term
Engram/memory trace
Definition
physical changes in brain due to memory
Term
Implicit memory
Definition
memory that was not deliberatly learned OR w/o concious awareness
Term
Explicit memory
Definition
memory that has been conciously recalled
Term
Memory
Definition
information processing system that encodes,stores, and retrieve info.
Term
Procedural memory
Definition
store mental direction for well-practiced skills
-i.e playing instruments, of riding a bike
Term
3 tasks of memory
Definition
encoding,storage and retrival
Term
what is encoding? (part of the 3 tasks of memory)
Definition
-select stimulus
-id specific features of stimulus
-"label" an experience to make it meangingful
Term
what is storage? (part of the 3 tasks of memory)
Definition
retain encoded material over time
Term
what is retrieval? (part of the 3 tasks of memory)
Definition
location/recovery of info from memory
Term
anterograde amnesia
Definition
disability in forming NEW memories
Term
retrograde amnesia
Definition
loss of PRIOR memory
Term
recall
Definition
to retrieve memory with minmal retrieval cues
Term
recognition
Definition
to identify whether a stimulus has been previously experienced
Term
method of Loci
Definition
to associate items on a list with a sequence of familiar locations
-a form of visual imagery
-i.e HOMES=names of great lakes
Term
mental age
Definition
average age at which ppl acieve a particular score (i.e scored at average age of group of 5 yr. olds, then MA = 5)
(MA and CA are not necessarily the same)
Term
chronological age
Definition
# of years since birth (actual age)
(MA and CA are not necessarily the same)
Term
scripts/event schema
Definition
consist of knowledge about the sequence of actions/procedures done in certain events,places,settings
ie. shutting up during a musical, going on first dates, going to a restaurant...lol in the book it says "making love" so saucy
Term
mental set
Definition
tendency to respond to a NEW problem in the same way you did to a similar problem
i.e seeing a bidet for the first time and thinking it is a different toilet and shitting in it...when there is a toilet directly across from it.don't worry I didn't do that.
Term
spearmens G factor
Definition
single common factor of general intelligence underlying all intellectual domains
i.e scoring high on one test score high on other tests
Term
normal distribution of IQ
Definition
-the bell curve 6.10
-Intelligence is spread in a way that most people cluster around a central average while few others fall w/in the high or low ranges
-90 – 110 = normal range
-Below 70 = mentally retarded range
-130 and above = gifted
Term
natural concepts
Definition
-mental representations of objects and events drawn from our direct experience
i.e the "concept" (wings,beak) of a bird due to past experience of seagulls attacking your sandwich
Term
heuristics
Definition
basic rules that cut through confusion of complicated situations
-does not guarantee correct solution
-Can point one in the right direction
-has 3 strategies
Term
working backward (one of the heurstic strategies)
Definition
begin at end and work backwards
Term
searching for analogies (one of the heurstic strategies)
Definition
employ previous learned strategies from similar problems
Term
break big problem into smaller problems
Definition
Break down into smaller, more manageable steps (subgoals)
Term
algortihms
Definition
formulas or procedures designed to solve particular kinds of problems for which you have all the necessary information
-in math/science
-hould always yield correct/acceptable results
Not useful in problems w/ subjective values or w/ too many unknowns
Term
crystalized interlligence
Definition
-knowledge a person has acquired, and the ability to access that knowledge
-Store and retrieve info from semantic memory
Term
Fluid intelligence
Definition
bility to see complex relationships and solve problems
-Use algorithms and heuristics
Term
types of judgement bias
Definition
-confirmation bias
-hindsight bias
-anchoring bias
-representative bias
-availability bias
Term
what is confirmation bias (part of judgement bias)
Definition
to ignore or find fault w/ info that does not fit w/ your opinion and to seek info that does
Term
what is hindsight bias (part of judgement bias)
Definition
tendency, after learning about an event, to “second guess” or believe that one could have predicted the event in advance
Term
what is anchoring bias (part of judgement bias)
Definition
faulty heuristic caused by basing (anchoring) an estimate on a completely unrelated quantity
Term
what is representative bias (part of judgement bias)
Definition
based on the presumption that once people or events are categorized, they share all the features of other members in that category
Term
what is avalibility bias (part of judgement bias)
Definition
estimates probabilities based on info that can be recalled (made available) from personal experience
Term
Louis Termen
Definition
-dapted the Binet-Simon test for U.S. school children
-Individually administered
-Better suited for spotting learning problems
-Designed for children and adults
Term
Sternburg's 3 types of intelligence
Definition
- also known as Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
-practical
-analytical
-creative
-Each form is relatively independent of the other and equally important
Term
Practical (part of Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory )
Definition
ability to cope w/ people and events in their environment (“street smarts”)
Term
analytical (part of Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory )
Definition
-ability to analyze problems and find correct answers (logical reasoning)
-measured by IQ tests
Term
creative (part of Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory )
Definition
-helps people develop new ideas and see new relationships among concepts (involves insight and creativity)
Term
psychometrics
Definition
-field of "mental measurements"
-psychological speciality that gives us IQ tests,personality tests, acheivement tests, and SAT.
Term
mental representation
Definition
Building blocks of cognition, which thinking organizes in meaningful ways
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