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Exam 2
Week 6 - Sepsis and Shock
34
Nursing
Undergraduate 4
10/03/2013

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Cards

Term
Sepsis Statistics
Definition
-11th leading cause of death in the United States
-6% of all deaths
-Most common cause of death in non-cardiac ICUs
- >1 million cases in 2010
Term
3 types of host defenses:
Definition
1. Inadequate - overwhelming infection (death)
2. Adequate - infection control = regulation (survival)
3. Excessive - sepsis/organ dysfunction -> out of control immune response and death
Term
4 stages from infection to severe sepsis
Definition
infection/trauma -> SIRs ->sepsis -> severe sepsis
Term
SIRS
Definition
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome - A clinical response arising from a nonspecific insult
Term
SIRS criteria:
Definition
- Temp >= 38 C or <= 36C
- HR >= 90 beat/min
- Resp >= 20/min
- WBC >= 12,000 or <= 4,000 or >10% immature neutrophils
Term
Sepsis
Definition
SIRS with a presurred or confirmed infection
Term
Severe Sepsis
Definition
Sepsis with >=1 sign of organ failure:
- Cardiovascular
- Renal
- Respiratory
- Hepatic
- Hematologic
- CNS
- Unexplained metabolic acidosis
Term
Septic Shock
Definition
Severe sepsis with hypotension refractory to adequate fluid resuscitation
Term
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)
Definition
Altered organ function in an acutely ill patient such that homeostatic regulation is lost
Term
Risk factors for Sepsis
Definition
-Infections:
Bacteremia
Community acquired pneumonia
Hospital acquired pneumonia
UTI
Meningitis
Wound infection or cellulitis
Peritonitis
MDRO
- Age
-Critically ill
-Invasive lines (CVC, Foley, ET tube/trach)
-Chronic diseases (co-morbidities)
-Immunocompromised
-Malnourished
-Intra-abdominal surgery
Term
Source of infection in all surgical patients most commonly found in the ___?
Definition
Colon
Term
Initiating factors:
Definition
-Infection (but blood cultures negative 40% of time)
-Ischemia
-Trauma
-Shock
-Surgery, especially abdominal
-Burns
-Aspiration
-Pancreatitis
-Immunodeficiency
-Transfusion reaction
Term
Mortality _____ with the number of SIRS symptoms:
Definition
Increases
Term
What causes sepsis not to progress?
Definition
-Homeostatic mechanisms remain effective
-Genetic differences
-Early identification
-Rapid intervention—”Early goal-directed therapy”
Term
Cardiovascular dysfunction:
Definition
-Endothelial dysfunction → increased capillary permeability → systemic vasodilation and loss of intravascular volume
-Decreased vascular tone → venous pooling/third spacing → decreased volume of blood returning to heart (preload) → decreased cardiac output
-Hypotension →hypoperfusion of end organs
-Tissue and organ edema→ hypoperfusion of end organs → organ dysfunction
Term
What do you monitor for cardiovascular dysfunction?
Definition
Monitor for:
-SBP < 90, especially if refractory to fluids
MAP < 65
-Need for vasopressors to maintain pressure (ICU and ED only)

-Severe sepsis if low BP responds to fluids
-Septic shock if low BP does not respond to fluids (refractory) and needs vasopressors to maintain SBP & MAP
Term
Respiratory Dysfunction:
Definition
-Lungs are very vascular and very sensitive to hypoperfusion and edema—usually one of the first signs of trouble
-Pts require more O2 to maintain their saturation r/t increased cellular oxygen demand.
-May need to be intubated & vented for ARDS
Term
What do you monitor for respiratory dysfunction?
Definition
Monitor for:
-Increase in O2 by 2L or 28% FiO2 in last 24 hours
-Drop in O2 sat >5% for at least 4 hours that occurred in the last 24 hours
Term
Renal Dysfunction:
Definition
Not related to a chronic problem (CRF, CKD)
increased demand on the kidneys to conserve fluids and remove toxins AND decreased renal tissue perfusion and intravascular volume deficit → AKI (acute kidney injury)
Term
What do you monitor for renal dysfunction?
Definition
Monitor for:
-Acute increase in creatinine >50% from baseline
-UOP < 0.5ml/kg/hr (quick method to calculate: half their weight in kg=minimum uo in ml/hr)
-Patient requiring ACUTE hemodialysis
Term
Hematologic Dysfunction:
Definition
-Not related to a chronic problem or anticoagulation meds
-Problems with bleeding AND clotting
Platelet levels can drop below 100 if they have been activated by an inflammatory process and consumed.
-INR may increase beyond the normal limits if the sepsis process has activated a condition known as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
-May develop petechiae or bleeding from IV sites, or have septic emboli which cause gangrene
Term
What do you monitor for Hematologic Dysfunction?
Definition
Monitor for:
-Platelet count < 100,000
-INR increase over the upper normal limit
-Mottling or cyanotic extremities
Term
Metabolic Dysfunction:
Definition
-Lactic acidosis r/t cells switching to anaerobic metabolism due to hypoxia & hypoperfusion
-Adrenal exhaustion—give low dose steroids
-Hyperglycemia—maintain tight glycemic control (“don’t feed the bacteria”)
Term
What do you monitor for Metabolic Dysfunction?
Definition
Monitor for:
-pH < 7.30
-Lactate Level > 2.4
Term
Hepatic Dysfunction:
Definition
-Not related to CHRONIC problem
-Due to primary infection in liver (exposure to bacteria) or secondary due to “gut-barrier failure” due to increased capillary permeability or edema
Term
What do you monitor for Hepatic Dysfunction?
Definition
Monitor for:
-ALT > 72 (reflects liver functioning)
-Total Bilirubin > 2 (total bilirubin will rise with increased stress on the body)
Term
CNS Dysfunction:
Definition
-Not related to CHRONIC problem (dementia)
-Hypoxia and hypoperfusion cause altered LOC (delirium)
Term
What do you monitor for CNS Dysfunction?
Definition
Monitor for:
-Altered LOC from BASELINE
-Reduced Glasgow Coma Scale
Term
Sepsis Bundles:
Definition
-A series of evidence-based therapies that, when implemented together, achieve better outcomes than when implemented individually.
-This bundle of interventions must be completed 100% of the time within 6 hours for patients with severe sepsis, septic shock and/or lactate >4 mmol/L (36 mg/dL)
Term
Sepsis Resuscitation: within 6 hours of identification:
Definition
-Give oxygen to keep oxygen sat > 94%
May need 100% oxygen per non-breather
May need to be intubated and ventilated
-Obtain 2 separate blood cultures BEFORE starting antibiotic, also other cultures
-Initiate antibiotic therapy as soon as BC drawn.
-Fluid resuscitation—may need significant volume. Normal saline first choice
-Monitor for fluid overload…
-Measure lactate level
-Insert urinary catheter to monitor hourly urine output.
Term
Sepsis Management Bundle: within 24 hours
Definition
-Efforts to accomplish these goals should begin immediately, but may be completed within 24 hours
-Administer low-dose steroids for septic shock in accordance with a standardized ICU policy.   
-Maintain adequate glycemic control.
-Prevent excessive inspiratory pressures on mechanically ventilated patients.
Term
Medications for Sepsis:
Definition
-Vasopressors—start with norepinephrine
-Corticosterioids
-Low dose
-For septic shock for BP refractory to fluids and pressors

Important note: Xigris is no longer on the market, not proven to be effective.
Term
Problems with Severe Sepsis Management:
Definition
-Inconsistency in early diagnosis
-Inadequate volume resuscitation
-Late or inadequate use of antibiotics (7% increase in mortality for each hour antibiotics are delayed)
-Failure to:
support adequate cardiac output
control hyperglycemia
use low tidal volumes and pressures in acute lung injury
treat adrenal inadequacy
Term
Nursing Role for Sepsis:
Definition
-Infection prevention & control
Assessment, early identification
-Implementing medical interventions and monitoring effectiveness or lack thereof
-Implement POC to prevent standard complications re immobility & hospitalization
ex/ DVT, pressure ulcer, etc
-Patient and family education and support
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