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Definition
| late Cretaceous period, 90-65 million years ago mya, small shrewlike animal that subsisted on insects found in Montana, USA |
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Definition
| superfamily includes apes, humans, and their ancestors |
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Arboreal Living
Long arms and legs, broad chest |
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Term
| How long ago did apes and old world monkeys diverge? |
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Definition
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| When did Orangutans and humans diverge? |
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| Chimps, gorillas and humans last shared common ancestors.... |
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| modern humans, earlier human species; and their direct ancestors; still working models derived from scarce data and astute ideas |
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| Terrestrial characteristics of Hominids |
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Definition
upright posture and bipedal (hands free for making tools)
Ground Sleeping
Broad diet |
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6 species
Fossils date 4-2.5 mya
Brutal Hunters
Most found in East and South Africa
Species Walked upright |
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Definition
Also known as robust Australopithecus
Dates 2.5-1.4 mya
Massive molars and muscles for chewing
Diet of seeds or fruits with hard outer coatings |
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Definition
First primate with large brain
First primate with Genus Homo
Found at sites in East Africa
Dates 2.5-1.6 mya |
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Definition
Second oldest with Genus Homo
Dates 1.9-1.5 mya
First homonid to spread out of Africa
Similar to modern humans in body shape |
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Definition
| Most evidence for tool manufacture and use come from studies of chimpanzees and other great apes |
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Definition
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Oldest well-characterized tool industry
Dates between 1.9 and 1.15 mya
Not sure who is responsible for these tools
Characteristic tool: chopper |
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Definition
Second oldest well-characterized tool industry
Dates 1.7 .5 mya
Found throughout Africa and Europe and Middle East and India
Same time as Homo erectus and Homo habilis |
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Definition
| Sharing of food seems to be a fundamental part of early hominin life |
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| Earliest Homo Erectus site outside of Africa |
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Definition
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| Oldest archaeological site outside of Africa |
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Term
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Definition
fragmentary skeletal remains; other animals, cores and flaked
Found in Europe and thought to be the link between Homo erectus and Neanderthals |
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Definition
1.8 mya-11,000 years ago
Ice Age
Homo erectus spread and Neanderthals evolved |
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Definition
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Definition
Homo erectus, Neanderthal, and "archaic" Homo sapiens
Climate Change |
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Definition
| 200,000-250,000 (Germany) |
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| Ecology/Distribution of Neanderthals |
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Definition
Found across Western Europe and Central Asia, down into Middle East - none in East Asia or Africa
Lived through 2 complete glacial cycles |
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Term
| Morphology of Neanderthals |
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Definition
| at once similar to modern humans AND highly distinctive |
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| Major Scenarios of Evolution of Neanderthals |
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Definition
Neanderthals and Modern humans evolved separately
Common ancestor that evolved from Homo erectus
There was always a constant gene flow |
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Term
| Neanderthal Tool Technology |
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Definition
| Middle Paleolithic Stone Tools |
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Term
| Neanderthal hunting technology |
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Definition
| capable of hunting large game |
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| Neanderthal site organization and fire usage |
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Definition
| Base Camps where resources were brought back for consumption |
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Term
| Neanderthal treatment of the dead |
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Definition
sometimes buried their dead in small pits, sometimes with grave goods
Cannibalism |
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Term
| Common Modern Human Traits |
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Definition
Globular braincase
Vertical forehead
Reduced brow ridges
Pronounced chin
Reduced body mass
Narrow trunk
Unique pelvic shape
Reduced tooth size |
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Term
| Modern human come from Africa when? |
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Definition
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Term
| Oldest human fossils from |
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Definition
| Archaeological record clearly shows that the shift to an agricultural way of life in the Middle East, of which the Fertile Crescent is a part, was a lengthy process |
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| A large farming village located in the Yellow River Valley(China)dating to the Yangshu culture |
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| A late Neolithic site in Turkey that includes rooms decorated with elaborate frescoes |
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| The period many North American archaeologists view as the initial human occupation of the Americas, dated to between 13,500 and 12,500 years ago |
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| The period beginning 5,700 years ago when sites with monumental architecture flourished on the coast of Peru |
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| A ribbon of Mediterranean climate that arcs across the Middle East. It is characterized by dry summers and winter rains with enough precipitation to support vegetation ranging from woodlands to open-park woodlands |
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| An adult skull, a partial juvenile skull and a fragmentary skull were found eroding out of a level argon dated between 160,000 and 154,000 years ago. The complete skull has a large brain and lacks any specific traits that characterize Neanderthals. The skull has been placed in its own sub-species, Homo sapiens idaltu, because it retains some traits from Homo erectus not found among later modern humans |
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Definition
| coping with imbalance between available food and needs |
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| A 9-meter-high structure made of undressed stone and mud brick dating to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A. |
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| Japanese pre-agricultural socities that lived in large villages and produced elaborate pottery |
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| A site in Israel where excavations have produced important evidence about the nature of Neanderthal occupation of caves, as well as one of the most complete skeletons of a Neanderthal |
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Definition
| A particular prepared-core technology used during the Middle Paleolithic that can often be recognized on the basis of tortoise-shaped cores |
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| Tiny crescent-shaped stone tools characteristic of the Natufin |
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| An anthropologist who descibed hunter-gatherers as the "original affluent society" |
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| Species of large animals that became extinct in many areas of the world, including the Americas and Australia, toward the end of the Pleistocene |
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| The archaeological period during which Neanderthals occupied Europe |
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Definition
| DNA located outside of the cell nucleus; inherited exclusively from the mother |
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Definition
| Clovis culture, dated to 13,500 to 12,500 years ago, is the first human occupation in the Americas |
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Definition
| Human occupation of the Americas predates 13,500 years ago |
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Definition
| Human occupation of the Americas began as early as 30,000 to 40,000 years ago |
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Definition
| Societies in the Middle East that practiced a broad-spectrum subsistence strategy that relied on a wide range of resources |
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| The site that offers the earliest secure evidence of human occupation of Australia, dating between 60,000 and 53,000 years ago |
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| The term V. Gordon Childe used to describe the transition to agriculture as an event that affected every aspect of Human society |
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| The most impressive and important location in the East African Rift Valley for the study of human evolution |
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| A theory based on the assumption that the choices people make reflect rational self-interest in maximizing efficiency when collecting and processing resources |
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Definition
| The period in which humans lived with now-extinct animals. Also called Old Stone Age |
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Definition
| A pre-agricultural village site on the coast of Peru |
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| The site in Romania where the oldest modern human remains in Europe, dating to 36,000 years ago, were found |
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| A late Archaic site in Louisiana with a series of six concentric embankments |
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| The tough part of a cereal plant that holds the seed to the stalk and keeps the seed on the plant until it is harvested |
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| The most dominant feature of the North African landscape today. Between 14,000 and 4,5000 years ago, there was increased rainfall in the area, allowing for human occupation |
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| The landmass that encompassed Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea during periods of low sea level |
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| The landmass that connected much of South East Asia during the periods of low sea level |
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| A wild grass found in the highlands of Mexico; the wild ancestor of maize |
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Definition
| The archaeological period that saw the earliest occupation of Europe by modern humans |
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Definition
| The line that runs through Wallacea and separates the unique animals and plants of Australia from the animal and plant communities of Southeast Asia |
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| Yagtze and Huai River Valleys |
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Definition
| The area of southern China where rice was domesticated |
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| A Neolithic culture in northern China that is particularly well represented in the village site of Banpo |
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Definition
| The geological era that began 1.8 million years ago, characterized by the frequent buildup and retreat of continental ice sheets |
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| Site in the Andean highlands of Peru where excavations uncovered the earliest evidence of domesticated beans dating to 4,300 years ago |
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| an economist whose research suggests that increased population size might have been the cause of the shift to agriculture |
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Definition
| There is no evidence that the early hominins had controlled fire. It appears Neanderthals however had perfected the art of controlling fire, the evidence is in their feeding sites which included burned charcoal. |
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Definition
| tiny hominins so unique they were given their own species name, found in Liang Bua dates between 38,000 and 18,000 years ago, result of long time isolation from homo erectus |
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Definition
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| The study of diet through the chemical signature of bones; particularly effective in tracing the spread of maize agriculture |
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| All botanical remains that can be seen without magnification |
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Definition
| the millenia leading up to the shift to agriculture saw dramatic shifts in European hunter-gatherer societies that preceded the arrival of farming |
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Definition
| Mousterian is a name given by archaeologists to a style of predominantly flint tools (or industry) associated primarily with Homo neanderthalensis and dating to the Middle Paleolithic, the middle part of the Old Stone Age. |
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Definition
| The proposal that the origin of the Clovis culture was in the migration of groups from the Solutrean culture of Southern France |
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| Models for disappearance of Neanderthals |
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Definition
Multiregional
Out-of-Africa
Hybridization |
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Term
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Definition
| Neanderthals evolved locally into modern humans as a result of a continuous gene flow between European and African populations |
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Definition
| Neanderthal populations in Europe were replaced by modern humans 30,000-40,000 years ago |
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Definition
| Neanderthals 'disappeared' as a result of substantial interbreeding between populations |
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| Expansion of modern humans into northern Europe, as well as Eurasia |
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Definition
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Definition
| patterned exploitation of landscape, manner in which places used, technologies employed, effect on ecosystem |
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| general trend through time to expend more energy per unit area to feed people |
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Definition
| bifacial points 23,0000-20,000 BP |
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| When was H. erectus established in China |
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| string of islands separating Sahul and Sunda |
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| Homo floresensis on where till when? |
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Definition
| on Flores until 18-20,000 years ago |
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Definition
| semi-subterranean houses (pit houses) 21,000 BP |
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| Pre-Clovis archaeological sites |
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Definition
Meadowcroft Rockshelter, Pennsylvania (23-15,000)
Monte Verde, Chili (15,000)
Pedra Pintada, Brazil (13-11,000)
Quebrada Tacahuay, Peru (12,700-12,500) |
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Definition
Had to cross the Wallace Line to get to Australia
2 ways-Northern and Southern route
Earliest occupation by H. sapiens
53,000-60,000 years ago |
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Definition
big game hunters
hunter gatherer |
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Definition
Mountain sheep
Marmots
Deer |
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| Models for origin of agriculture |
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Definition
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Definition
Pre-Pottery
beginnings of technology
Rituals
Domestication |
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Definition
Development of pottery
Importance of hunting declines
Animal domestication |
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Definition
10,000/8,000 -3500/2500 years ago
Diverse food
Larger settlements |
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Definition
based on the cultivation of indigenously domesticated plants
Maize
Hunting and Gathering still occured |
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Definition
| Plant remains (very small) |
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| is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock |
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Definition
| The Folsom Site was excavated in 1926 and found to have been a marsh-side kill site or camp where 23 bison had been killed using distinctive tools, known as Folsom points. |
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| a transition area between two adjacent but different patches of landscape, such as forest and grassland. |
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| is a theory postulating that hunter-gatherers were the original affluent society. |
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