Term
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Definition
Ex) Bacteria, Archaea
Genetic material in the nucleoid(no nucleus), cytoplasm, plasma membrane, cell wall, fibers, ribosomes, no membrane bound organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleus-DNA inside, Exhibit compartmentalization, have membrane bound organelles |
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Term
| Structures specific to Prokaryotes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tubular; used for attaching to one another and transfer of genetic material (drug resistance) |
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Term
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Definition
| present in some prokaryotes, used for locomotion (swimming action), rotary motion propels the cell |
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Term
| What are Ribosomes made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of RNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where can Ribosomes be found? |
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Definition
| In all living things (Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes) |
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Term
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Definition
| all the genetic information of an organism. Every cell has the same genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins/gene products used w/in individual cells at specific time, under specific environments, developmental stages,etc. |
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Term
| What is the percentage of genes that code for membrane proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of bilayer is the Fluid Mosaic Model made of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| embedded in bilayer; some are transmembrane (span membrane) |
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Term
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Definition
| attached to surface, easier to remove; bound non-covalently to face the cytosol |
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Term
| Why is the model a Fluid Mosaic model? |
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Definition
| Fluid because of phospholipids arranged in a bilayer; Mosaic because of globular proteins inserted (transmembrane) in the lipid bilayer and attached to the surface |
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Term
| What affects membrane fluidity? |
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Definition
| Warm temp. makes the membrane more fluid; saturated fatty acids make the membrane more rigid; unsaturated fatty acids make the cell more fluid |
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Term
| How is the membrane fluidity handled in animals? |
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Definition
| Cholesterol-help to stabilize the membrane |
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Term
| How is the membrane fluidity handled in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can the fluidity of a membrane be changed? |
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Definition
| By adjusting the saturated/unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane |
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Term
| The more saturated a membrane is the _____ it is |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the animal membrane helps to keep the membrane fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small, non-charge, non-polar, high to low concentration, no energy needed, no transport protein, gases (O2,CO2), ethanol, through bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| high to low concentration, no energy required, requires transmembrane protein channel or carrier (protein) |
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Term
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Definition
| against concentration gradient, from low to high, requires transmembrane protein, needs ATP or other energy |
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Term
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Definition
| polar interior allowing polar molecules to pass through, form an open passageway for the direct diffusion of ions or molecules across the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| bind to specific molecules to facilitate its passage, conformational change transports solute, principle pathway for the uptake of organic molecules |
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Term
| Gated Channels in Facilitated Diffusion |
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Definition
| open and close, how nerve fibers work |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffusion of water from a high solute concentration to a low solute concentration across a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| equal water and solute concentration on either side of the membrane |
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Term
| What happens to a membrane when placed in an isotonic solution? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| solute concentration is higher (water concentration is lower) on one side of the membrane |
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Term
| What happens to a cell membrane when placed in a Hypertonic solution? |
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Definition
| Water leaves the cell - cell shrinks |
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Term
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Definition
| Solute concentration is lower (water concentration higher) on one side of the membrane |
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Term
| What happens to a cell membrane when placed in a hypotonic solution? |
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Definition
| Water rushes in the cell - cell gets larger |
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Term
| What is moving in Osmosis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| from a lower concentration to a higher concentration, against gradient, requires energy (ATP), requires carrier proteins |
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Term
| How is ATP used in Active transport? |
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Definition
| Directly or indirectly to fuel energy transport |
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Term
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Definition
| actively transport Na+ and K+ against their gradients by using the energy from ATP ACTIVE TRANSPORT, 3Na+ out for 2K+ in, sets up charged gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of a solute is higher on one side of a membrane than the other, all cells more + outside and more Na+, more K+ inside - maintained by the Na/K pump |
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Term
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Definition
vesicle pinches off of plasma membrane - vesicle moves content into cell
Ex) phagocytosis-large, pinnocytosis-small |
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Term
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Definition
| cell takes in particular matter (large) |
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Term
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Definition
| cell takes in only fluid (smaller) |
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Term
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Definition
| material imported attaches to binding protein that concentrates it, when the binding sites are filled a signal causes coated pits to break off into vesicle |
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Term
| How does receptor mediated endocytosis work? |
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Definition
1)Receptor mediated endocytosis
2)Vesicles fuse w/endosome
3)Receptor returned to plasma membrane
4)Endosome fuses w/lysosome
5)Lysosomes digest LDL |
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Term
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Definition
| vesicle fuses with plasma membrane - vesicle content going out of cell |
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Term
| What is exocytosis used for in plants? |
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Definition
| To export cell wall material |
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Term
| What is exocytosis used for in animals? |
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Definition
| To secrete hormones, neurotransmitters, digestive enzymes |
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Term
| In vesicle transport for every endocytosis is there an exocytosis? |
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Definition
| Yes. There is a balance between endocytosis and exocytosis. |
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Term
| How is vesicle movement inside the cell similar to endo and exoctyosis? |
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Definition
| Vesicle movement inside the cell is similar to endo and exoctytosis, because they do phagocytosis inside the cell and are able to do exoctyosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| product of fusion of multiple small vesicles, act to decide where the content and membranes will go in the cell, eventually fuse w/lysosomes and the content in digested but some vesicles are returned to the membrane prior to lysosomal fusion |
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Term
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Definition
| single membrane organelle-function is digested, contain acid hydrolyses that perform hydrolysis, break down macromolecules to monomers |
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Term
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Definition
| form a vesicle around an organelle often a mitochondria so it fuses w/the lysosome and be digested |
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Term
| How are worn out cell parts and large defective proteins gotten rid of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Low rates of what have recently been shown important in the aging process? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 double membranous organelles? |
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Definition
| Nucleus, Mitochondria, and Chloroplast |
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Term
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Definition
| small organelles that have the enzyme catalase used to convert peroxide H2O2 into water safely |
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Term
| Function of the Golgi Apparatus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sections of the Golgi Apparatus |
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Definition
1) Cis face-closest to rER, formed by fusion of vesicles
2) Median face-movement of cis down the golgi (middle)
3) Trans face-furthest from ER, median becomes Trans |
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Term
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Definition
1) Membrane site for steroids and phospholipids production
2) Lumen (inside)- detoxification drugs (liver) and Ca2+ storage in muscles |
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Term
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Definition
1) Makes membrane proteins (transmembrane)
2) Makes proteins for lysosomes, golgi
3) Makes proteins for export |
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Term
| Where is the bilayer part of the plasma membrane made? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in the Golgi apparatus for protein modification? |
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Definition
| Sugars are added therefore the proteins are modified and sorted |
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Term
| What supplies/replaces the plasma membrane during exocytosis? |
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Definition
| The plasma membrane itself |
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Term
| Steps in Protein Synthesis |
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Definition
1) Starts on FREE RIBOSOMES in cytosol
2) First few A.A. in peptide determine where the protein should be completed (signal peptide)
3) If peptide signals that the peptide goes into ER then ribosome moves to rER to complete protein
4) Protein ends up inside rER tube |
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Term
| What determines if protein/ribosome goes to rER? |
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Definition
| Signal peptide (first few A.A. in peptide) |
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Term
| Where are the completed proteins located? |
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Definition
| Inside the lumen of the rER |
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Term
| Proteins for export, lysosomal proteins, and membrane proteins use what systems for transport? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (adding sugar) provides tag for sorting |
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Term
| Where does sorting of Glycosylation take place? |
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Definition
| Takes place in the Trans face of the Golgi apparatus that then forms vesicles that are for export or lysosomes |
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Term
| Types of fibers in the Cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
| Micorfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate |
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Term
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Definition
| made of actin, cell movement, present in all cells, muscles, cell movement, tracks for small vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| made of tubulin, flagella/cilia, centriole, spindle, tracks for large vesicles and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| structural, wide variety of fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| study of individual cells and their interactions with each other |
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Term
| Cell theory: contains three major parts |
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Definition
1) All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
2) Cells are the smallest units of life
3) New cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic material, cytosol, ribosomes, plasma membrane |
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Term
| DNA...what is it's charge? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do prokaryotes not contain? |
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Definition
| membrane-bound DNA or organelles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| In a prokaryotic cell what is the Nucleoid region? |
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Definition
| houses the genetic material |
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Term
| What organelle do Prokaryotic cells contain for protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cell wall like in Prokaryotic cells? |
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Definition
| Rigid for supporting and protecting the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| appendages that allow prokaryotes to attach to surfaces and to each other; can transfer genetic material and drug resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| allow prokaryotes to move (motility) |
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Term
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Definition
| an outer viscous covering surrounding the bacterium (prokaryotes) |
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Term
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Definition
| contain a membrane-bound nucleus that contains genetic material/DNA; are much larger than prokaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Animal cells, protists, fungi, plants |
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Term
| What do eukaryotes have that helps to create membrane-bound organelles? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| degradation of macromolecules by hydrolase enzymes |
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Term
| What do lysosomes become if they pick up a substance that they cannot digest? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| site of polypeptide/protein synthesis; made of RNA and protein; are considered to be a part of the cytoplasm and the cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
| site of modification, sorting and secretion of lipids and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| also called 'microbodies'; where hydrogen peroxide is from dangerous free radicals of oxygen and broken down by catalase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| site of protein sorting and secretion; rough because has ribosomes attached to the surface; flatter tubules than sER |
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Term
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Definition
| site of detoxification and lipid and membrane synthesis; smooth because does not have ribosomes attached on surface; thinner/taller tubules that rER |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why should drugs be tested before and after they enter the sER? |
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Definition
| to check toxicity levels and make sure that they're suitable |
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Term
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Definition
| specific to plant cells to metabolize fats in seeds |
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Term
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Definition
| structure and function; microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments |
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Term
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Definition
| is in eukaryotic cells; includes golgi, lysosomes, endosomes, plasma membrane, rough and smooth ER; NOT peroxisomes |
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Term
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Definition
| lipid bilayer of phospholipids to protect cell; has proteins embedded in it |
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Term
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Definition
| on the surface of the phospholipid bilayer |
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Term
| Example of a peripheral protein |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| surface protein w/an attached sugar/carbohydrate |
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Term
| What makes a membrane less fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Transmembrane/integral protein |
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Definition
| span (integrate) the entire membrane; globular proteins are an example |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that the plasma membrane is flexible; cholesterol in the membrane allows for some of this flexibility; saturated fats decrease fluidity |
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Term
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Definition
| region of the cell contained w/in the plasma membrane, includes the organelles and the fluid solution they are in (cytosol); does not include the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| the fluid part of the cytoplasm, not including the organelles; contains some enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction (a protein catalyst) |
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Term
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Definition
| all the genetic information of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| all the types and relative amounts of proteins made in a particular cell and under specific conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the microbes/prokaryotes that inhibit us; is affected by antibodies, which can sometimes kill off good, natural bacteria |
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Term
| Double membrane organelles |
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Definition
| contain two membranes; chloroplasts, Mitochondria, Nucleus |
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Term
| Single membrane organelles |
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Definition
| only contain one membrane; ER, endosome, Golgi apparatus, lysosome/peroxisome |
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Term
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Definition
| substances need assistance of a protein channel; does not use energy |
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Term
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Definition
| have a polar interior, so polar molecules like H2O can pass through; no binding actually happening |
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Term
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Definition
| can open and close; nerve fibers are an example |
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Term
| Transport carrier protein |
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Definition
| changes shape to transport a solute; is specific to certain molecules and binds to the actual molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| no help is needed; substances can pass freely through the lipid bilayer; flows down a gradient and does not use energy |
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Term
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Definition
| needs energy in the form of ATP to go against a concentration gradient to move substances from low to high concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| 'greater than'; cells shrink in solution; low concentration of water, high concentration of solute outside the cell, so water rushes out |
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Term
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Definition
| cels bursts; water rushes in because there is less water inside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| same concentration on inside and outside of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the diffusion of water across a membrane; water moves from high to low concentration |
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Term
| What substance is in the cell? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What substance is on the outside of the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ that move in |
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Term
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Definition
| is a fluid mosaic membrane sphere; has a short life-span |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of forming a vesicle from the plasma membrane to engulf something (vesicle moves into a cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| cell 'drinking' or cell only takes in fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell takes in particulate matter, white blood cells |
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Term
| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| specific molecules are taken in after they bind to a receptor, enzyme, LDL, HDL, virus |
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Term
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Definition
| transmembrane proteins that bind some material on outer surface; attaches to a binding protein |
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Term
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Definition
| process of vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane; vesicles in the cytoplasm fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents to the exterior of the cel |
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Term
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Definition
| a product of fusion of multiple small vesicles; decide where the content and membranes will go in the cell; eventually fuse w/lysosomes to digest content, but some vesicles are returned to membrane prior to lysosomal fusion |
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Term
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Definition
| self-digestion; process of forming a vesicle around an organelle (like mitochondria) so it fuses w/the lysosome to be digested |
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Term
| What are low rates of autophagy associated with? |
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Definition
| shorter lifespan, because broken, defective pieces not destroyed |
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Term
|
Definition
| contain hydrolase enzymes for digestion; a single membrane organelle |
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Term
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Definition
| inactive with neutral pH, but fuses w/an ensosome to create a hydrogen ion pump to create pH and become active |
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Term
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Definition
| seen more in older cells; is a lysosome w/something inside it that cannot be digested, which causes a build up leading to diseases |
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Term
| Lysosomal storage disorders |
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Definition
| caused by a missing/defective enzyme (genetic) or environmental problem (like lysosome picks up a particle it cannot digest) |
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Term
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Definition
| (genetic) recessive, Eastern European/Jews; brain lipids accumulate because of a missing enzyme that allows build up of residual bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| (environmental) carcinogen (cancer-causing); a mineral fiber substance accumulates in residual bodies because lysosome cannot digest the mineral |
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Term
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Definition
| moves vesicles between all part/organelles; golgi, lysosomes, endosomes, plasma membrane, rough and smooth ER |
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Term
| What is the largest system in eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| has ribosomes embedded on surface; protein sorting and synthesis of membrane proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| no ribosomes on the surface; lipid and membrane synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the space right below the ER; closest to ER |
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Term
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Definition
| the space below the cis space; farthest from ER and has vesicles bud off of it to go to golgi |
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Term
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Definition
| the inner part of the tubular ER; stores Ca2+ in muscle, detox of foreign substances in liver and lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| the first few A.A. made in a protein that determines where the protein is destined to go |
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Term
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Definition
| fiber network used to maintain shape and composition of the cell; allows for cellular, vesicle and chromosomal movement |
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Term
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Definition
| made of actin protein and are the thinnest; used to pinch off vesicles and cytokinesis (cell division); altered in cancerous cells |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| made of tubulin protein and are the thickest; organize cells and contain centrioles and spindle fibers for cell division |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| a motor protein that aids w/movement |
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Term
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Definition
| stack of flattened, membrane-bounded compartments for sorting proteins for export to lysosomes or vesicles; can be thought of as the 'mail center' of the cell |
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|
Term
| how is sorting done in the cis and trans faces? |
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Definition
| by enzyme and receptor-mediated by vesicles |
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|
Term
| What is added to vesicles in the cis and trans face? |
|
Definition
| specific sugars and lipids and proteins as receptors; like mannose to become lysosomes |
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|
Term
| What are the steps that a cell goes through if the cell needs cholesterol? |
|
Definition
| Surface LDL receptors -> vesicles fuse to form an endosome -> vesicles fuse off to recycle receptor -> leftover endosome fuses with lysosome and digests extra LDL (lysosome leaves the cell through exocytosis to rid excess products) |
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