Term
|
Definition
| Difference in electrical potential btw. the interior and exterior of a cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| Resting Membrane Potential (-70mVs) |
|
|
Term
| Name two excitable tissues |
|
Definition
| Muscle cells and Neuron cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Separation of charges; RMP |
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Term
|
Definition
| Membrane potential is reduced; moving to a more positive inside cell |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane returns to the polarized state |
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Term
|
Definition
| Go below polarized state; more negative than RMP |
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|
Term
| Permeability changes and ion movement during an AP at rest |
|
Definition
Membrane potential: -70mVs
State of Na+ channels: closed, but able to open if stimulus comes
Ion permeability: K+ channels (1 set open) afflux |
|
|
Term
| Permeability changes and ion movement during an AP at the rising phase |
|
Definition
Membrane potential: becomes more positive
State of Na+ channels: Na+ channels open (just a few)
Ion permeability: -50mVs-voltage gated channels open |
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|
Term
| Permeability changes and ion movement during an AP at the peak |
|
Definition
Membrane potential: +30mVs
State of Na+ channels: closed, unable to open
Ion permeability: Open second set of K+ channels (afflux) |
|
|
Term
| Permeability changes and ion movement during an AP at the falling phase |
|
Definition
Membrane potential: moving toward -70mVs
State of Na+ channels: closed; unable to open
Voltage-gated K+channels: open, affluxing
Ion permeability: K+ moves out Na+ no movement |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Short lived local change in the membrane that can be either depolarization or hyperpolarization; decremental |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Only happen on excitable membranes (Muscles/Neurons); brief, rapid reversals of membrane potential (become more + or -); non-decremental |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| collect info. from other cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carry message away from soma to another cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reach threshold; determines if theres an AP |
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Term
|
Definition
| Glial cells, wrap around axon |
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Term
|
Definition
| Non-myelinated in btw. schwann cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Neuron either generates an AP or it does not |
|
|
Term
| Node of Ranvier-what is saltatory conduction |
|
Definition
| impulse jumps from Node to node |
|
|
Term
| 2 factors which influence the conduction rate |
|
Definition
| Myelinated or not; Diameter of axon |
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|
Term
| What factors would make the fastest speed of conduction? |
|
Definition
| Myelinated fat axon; Thicker the axon the faster the electrical message travels |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Autoimmune disease, Destroys myelin |
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|
Term
| First step of The Neural Synapse |
|
Definition
| Action potential arrives at the nerve terminal |
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|
Term
| Second step of The Neural Synapse |
|
Definition
| Na+ enters and nerve bouton's membrane depolarizes |
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|
Term
| Third step of The Neural Synapse |
|
Definition
| Voltage-gated calcium channels open and Ca+ enters (influx) |
|
|
Term
| Fourth step of The Neural Synapse |
|
Definition
| Ca^2+ entry causes release of neurotransmitter form terminal-exocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Fifth step of The Neural Synapse |
|
Definition
| NTs bind to receptors in the post-synaptic membrane |
|
|
Term
| Sixth step in The Neural Synapse |
|
Definition
| Binding of NT to receptor activates chemically gated ion channels |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| produces depolarization: more (+) reading, open Na+ channels, Greater permeability, more (+) on inside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyperoplarization, increase permeability, K+ moves out, more (-) on inside, Cl- moves in |
|
|
Term
| Excitatory Post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibitory Post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs) |
|
Definition
| more (-); Cl- goes in or K+ goes out |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 cell influences many others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receptor, Afferent Neuron, Integrating Neuron, Efferent Neuron, Effector |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| detect change in environment |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| carry an AP; sensory; take info. into the CNS |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| processing; spinal cord or brain; make response |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| motor; effector organ; carry info. away from the CNS |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle/gland that carries out the required response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acetylcholine; for somatic motor neurons; ANS |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| bind muscarin; found in plasma membrane of cardiac and smooth muscle cells and some glands |
|
|
Term
| G-protein operated channel |
|
Definition
| protein that's a receptor; ABG complex binds ACh, activates a different protein and either the Beta or Alpha complex migrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds nicotine; found on skeletal muscle, brain and ganglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5 polypeptide subunits that enclose an ion channel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acetylcholinesterase; enzyme protein that binds ACh and inactivates it by chopping ACh in half; located in post-synaptic membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NT in brainstem; regulates mood, behavior, appetite, and cerebral circulation; insufficient amount=depressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulates movement and emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted by adrenal medulla upon stimulation of CNS in response to stress, anger, fear, and increases HR, BP, cardiac output |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| has such effects as constricting blood vessels, raising blood pressure, and dilating bronchi. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| located in the PNS; wrap around axon; increase conduction rate |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| located in the PNS; support cells for neurons in part of Afferent neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located in the CNS; form myelin sheath in the CNS; wrap around axon; increase electrical conduction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| located in the CNS; small; many processes; phagocytosis-find debris and get rid of it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located in the CNS; sitting on top of tissues w/a lot of capillaries; get nutrients from capillaries, process it, and make CFS, and circulate it by cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located in the CNS; nurse cells; take up NTs, put back in neuron and recycle it; need for formation of synapses in the CNS; close capillary cells to form tight junctions (BBB), no filtration; control extracellular fluid-ion concentration |
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|
Term
| Organization of the Nervous System |
|
Definition
| One fully integrated system w/divisions based on differences in structure, location, and function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Afferent (Sensory) Division, Efferent (Motor) Division-splits into the Autonomic (Involuntary) which splits into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic. Efferent (Motor) Division also splits into Somatic (Muscle motor) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Bone (skull), Glial Cells, Meninges, CSF, BBB, Plasticity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bound w/in CNS; form compartments; Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Subarachnoid space (contains CFS), Pia Mater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cushion circulator system-getting rid of waste, bring in nutrients; Produce 500mL-800mL/day, constantly producing and draining into venus blood; Buoyancy-floating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood Brain Barrier; no pores btw. cells; no filtration; ependymal (surface cells) controls what moves in/out (nutrients/wastes); good protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functionally remodel; ability to form new neural pathways |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Medulla Oblongata; Descending/Ascending nerve tracts (communication btw. brain/spinal cord); Cranial nerves; DIRECT control of cardiovascular system; Autonomic reflexes (some); Sleep centers; Respiratory-works w/pons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reticular Activating System; Projection fibers, you control what moves through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electroencephalogram; Clinical tool-diagnois different cerebral functions; Distinguish different levels of sleep; Legal tool-determine if somebody is dead |
|
|
Term
| Sleep in an active process |
|
Definition
| Level of brain activity is not reduced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non rapid eye movement; slow wave sleep; makes up 80% of sleep time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid Eye Movement; 20% of sleep time; gets longer w/each cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle tone; HR + BP + RR =minor reductions; No dreaming; Easily awakened by external stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No muscle tone; Irregular HR + BP; Dreaming; Not awaken by external stimuli-can wake self |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Time for brain to recharge/restore energy level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Somebody who falls asleep randomly, then wakes up and have no clue they fell asleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease quantity and decrease quality; not getting enough REM |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| back (posterior); processing visual info. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lateral sides; hearing; some memory storage of visual and auditory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Somatosensory sensation from skin, muscles, tendons, and joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| voluntary motor; speaking ability; elaborate thought-being able to reason; personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not seen from surface; store long term memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| speaking ability; can comprehend speech, can't speak (difficulty speaking) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deal w/language; spoken and written; not working-speak, nobody can understand what you say or you think you know what you're saying, but others don't know what you say |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| map of motor areas of cerebral cortex (fine motor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Integrating center for all senses, but smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Link btw. the ANS and the endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| 7 functions of the Hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| Control body temp. (thermoreceptors); Controls your thirst/urine output; Controls your food intake; controls anterior pituitary hormone secretion; produces ADH & oxytocin; INDIRECT control of cardiovascular system-heart, blood pressure in vesicles; role in emotional and behavioral patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a ring of forebrain structures that surround the brain stem and these structures are interconnected by intricate neuronal pathways; center for basic emotional drives-little conscious control over our emotions |
|
|
Term
| Limbic Systems-basic characteristics |
|
Definition
| anger, fear, anxiety, discouragement, happiness, food center, goal orientated behavior-reward/punishment, basic survival, survival of species-sexual behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acquiring knowledge/skills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid retrieval; Limited amount of storage; No permanent structural changes at neural synapses; Memory fades, goes away, and is forgotten |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slower retrieval; Unlimited storage; Making permanent changes at synapses; Last long time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "swelling"; respiratory control center-rate and depth |
|
|
Term
| Cerebellum-3 basic functions |
|
Definition
| Enhances muscle tone-posture; Contributes to maintenance of balance; Coordinated skills-voluntary movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Integration of basic reflexes; Link for transmission of information (body to brain, brain to body) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| afferent neurons-sensory info. into CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| efferent neuron-motor info. out of CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both sensory and motor neurons mixed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (swelling of nervous tissue; posterior) soma of many unipolar sensory neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unconscious motor response to a sensory stimulus-happens automatically |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 basic types of reflexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adapt slowly or not at all to a constant stimulus; Ex) Nocireceptors, BP receptors, Muscle/stretch receptors, Joint proprio receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adapt rapidly to a constant stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship of receptor field size in relation to receptor density? |
|
Definition
More receptors in a region -> smaller field size per receptor -> greater discrimination in region
Ex) Fingers/Lips have more receptors, Back has less receptors |
|
|
Term
| Afferent Input- Unconscious |
|
Definition
| info. not always aware of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Somatic sensation-regards to muscle
Somesthetic sensation-body feelings
Proprioception-stretch receptors in tendons, ligaments, joints, skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conscious interpretation of the external world as created by the brain from a pattern of nerve impulses |
|
|
Term
| What does perception not equal reality? |
|
Definition
| Limited # of receptor types; Limited range on receptors; Cerebral cortex manipulates/suppresses/ignores/excentuates data |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Heat-thermoreceptors; skin, muscle
Light-photoreceptors; retina
Sound-mechaical; organ of corgi
Pressure-mechanical; arteries, brain, skin, joints
Chemical-chemoreceptors; taste, smell, kidneys
Pain-nocireceptors
Osmolarity-read concentration of solutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulus of specific form of energy to which a given receptor is sensitive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulation another way; some sensations are based on 2 or more stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cardiac/Smooth Muscle; Endocrine/Exocrine Glands |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic dominates under what conditions? |
|
Definition
| "Fight-or-Flight"; located in the Thoracolumbar division |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic dominates under what conditions? |
|
Definition
| "Good House Keeping"; located in the Crainalsacral division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 neuron chain from CNS to the effector organ, neuron 1 has cell body in CNS and neuron 2 has cell body in peripheral ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Effects of the ANS on the Iris |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic-dilate; Parasympathetic-normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sympathetic-increases; Parasympathetic-decreases |
|
|
Term
| Effects of the ANS on the Respiratory rate |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic-increases; Parasympathetic-decreases |
|
|
Term
| Effects of the ANS on Rate of digestion |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic-decreases; Parasympathetic-increases |
|
|
Term
| Effects of the ANS on Urinary Filtration |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic-decreases; Parasympathetic-increases |
|
|
Term
| Effects of the ANS on Energy deposition |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic-decreases; Parasympathetic-increases |
|
|
Term
| Effects of the ANS on Energy Mobilization |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic-increases; Parasympathetic-decreases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic and Sympathetic work together; Ex) HR: Para.-decreases, Sym.-increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| same effects; Ex) salivary glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both work together for 1 given reaction |
|
|
Term
| Regions of CNS control over Autonomic activities |
|
Definition
Autonomic reflexes-internal (automatic)
Medulla- most direct control
Hypothalamus- integrator
Limbic system- emotions
Prefrontal association- personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Skeletal Muscle; Smooth Muscle; Cardiac Muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tied to bones; makes lever system; voluntary; long, thick, cylindrical fibers that relax relatively rapidly; striated-multinucleated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in walls of hollow organs/tubes; involuntary; short, thin, spindle shaped, 1 nucleus, contract/relax relatively slowly; non-striated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heart; striated; involuntary; branched; 1 nucleus/cell; inoculated discs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates; size varies depending on the use of the muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spatial summation; increase recruitment of motor unit by increasing strength; increase strength of contraction by a greater # of units activated/change size of motor units |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time (increased frequency); build up tension; contraction w/no relaxation |
|
|
Term
| Energy sources for muscle activity |
|
Definition
ATP
Creatine phosphate
Glycolysis-2ATP/glucose
Oxidative phosphorylation-chemiosmosis, Kreb cycle and ETC make large amounts of ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to power cross bridge; break myosin/actin bond for attachment; pump Ca^2+ back into SR |
|
|
Term
| Muscle adaptation in response to use: Regular aerobic exercise |
|
Definition
| Increase #/size of mitochondria; Increase ATP production from oxidative phosphorlation; Increase myoglobin content-stores O_2; decrease lactic acid production; increase fuel burning fats; increase the # of circulatory pathways |
|
|
Term
| Muscle adaptation in response to use: short duration, high intensity exercise |
|
Definition
| hypertrophy-muscle cell increase, because cell size increases; increases strength which increases # of myofibrils |
|
|
Term
| Muscle adaptation in response to use: no use or denervation |
|
Definition
| atrophy-decrease muscle size-proteins are breaking down |
|
|
Term
| Muscle adaptation in response to use: Muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
| hereditary, pathological disease progressive degeneration of contractile tissue-muscle disappearing (muscle is replaced by fat) |
|
|
Term
| Three types of muscle fibers |
|
Definition
| Red-slow-twitch; White-fast-twitch; Red-fast-twitch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxidative; small; myoglobin; increase # of mitochondria; slow rate of contraction; resistant to fatigue; aerobic respiration; found in lower back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glycolytic; double the diameter; no myoglobin; decrease # of mitochondria; anaerobic; increase storage of glycogen; fast contraction; fatigue easily; found in arms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intermediate; inbtw. size; myoglobin; increase # of mitochondria; aerobic; contract rapidly; fatigue-but don't tire to fast; found in legs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no sarcomere units; no troponin and no tropomyosin; Ca^2+ doesn't cause a physical change, causes a chemical reaction that cause phosphorylation of myosin, so myosin can bind to actin and work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurogenic; functions like skeletal muscle, but innervated by autonomic neurons; Ex) eye muscles, large airways in lungs, large blood vessels, arrestor pili |
|
|
Term
| Single-unit smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| functional syncytium-cells which work as a unit mechanically and electrically; Ex) uterus during labor, digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts, small blood vessels; heart has two |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Left and Right atria; Left and Right ventricles (left has thicker myocardium); Interatrial septum; Interventricular septum; Tricuspid valve; Bicuspid valve |
|
|
Term
| The heart has two separate pumps |
|
Definition
| which pump equal amounts of blood simultaneously |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low pressure system; receives and pumps blood low in oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high pressure system; left heart-receives and pumps blood high in oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells electrically/mechanically connected; work as a unit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Atrial unit and Ventricular unit |
|
|
Term
| Be able to follow a drop of blood through one full circuit through the body. |
|
Definition
| Superior/Inferior Vena Cava, Right atrium, Tricuspid Valve, Right ventricle, Pulmonary Semilunar Valves, Pulmonary Arteries, Lungs, Pulmonary Veins, Left Atrium, Bicuspid Valve, Left Ventricle, Aortic Semilunar Valves, Aorta, Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins |
|
|
Term
| Special adaptation for cardiac tissue |
|
Definition
| Intercalated discs-Desmosomes (rives cells together, makes them strong and stretchy) Gap Junctions (allow rapid movement of ions through the cardiac tissue) |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the fibrous skeleton on the heart? |
|
Definition
| Stops the conduction of electricity from the atrial tissue directly into the ventricular tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscular layer of the heart wall; 99% contractile; 1% auto rhythmic-generate AP all on their own |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the upper wall of the right atrium, close to the superior vena cava; 70-80 times per minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the lower interatrial septum; 40-60 times per minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the upper inter ventricular septum; 15-40 times per minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extend through the inter ventricular septum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extends into the walls of the myocardium of the ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal rate set-purkinje fibers firing 120x's/min. |
|
|
Term
| Why does there have to be an AV nodal delay? |
|
Definition
| Atrial chambers need to contract, emptying into the ventricles |
|
|
Term
| Which site is in control in a normal healthy heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AP in contractile cardiac muscle cells |
|
Definition
| RMP, Rapid depolarization-rapid v.gated Na+ channels open, influx, Long Plateau at Peak Potential-v.gated Na+channels close, Ca^2+ influx, Repolarization-Ca^2+ colse, K+ open/afflux |
|
|
Term
| What causes the plateau during an AP in contractile cardiac muscle? |
|
Definition
| Refractory Period-prevents initiation of a second AP until resting potential is resored |
|
|
Term
| Why is tetanus impossible in the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First sequence in the Cardiac Cycle |
|
Definition
| Blood continuously flows into both atria |
|
|
Term
| Second sequence in the Cardiac Cycle |
|
Definition
| The pressure of incoming blood opens the right and left AV valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two thirds of the atrial blood flows passively into the ventricles |
|
|
Term
| Fourth sequence in the CC |
|
Definition
| The atria contract to pump the remaining blood into the ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The atria relax, and the ventricles begin to contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The right and left AV valve are closed, and the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves are opened |
|
|
Term
| Seventh sequence in the CC |
|
Definition
| Ventricular contraction pumps blood into the arteries |
|
|
Term
| Eighth sequence in the CC |
|
Definition
| The ventricles relax, and the semilunar valves are closed |
|
|
Term
| Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) |
|
Definition
| records spread of electrical activity through the heart as it is depolarized and repolarized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| internodal delay; atria emptying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricular depolarization; atrial repolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricular repolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atrials/ventricles filling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rate over 100 beats/min. in resting state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less than 60 beats/min. in resting state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| turbulent flow at abnormal times in the cardiac cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Myofibril, Mitochondria, Cytosol, Triad, T-tubule (cont. of sarcolemma deep into the cell), Terminal Cisternae, Sarcoplasmic reticulum (organelle wraps around myofibrils), Nucleus, Sarcolemma (cell membrane), Muscle cell (fibers) |
|
|
Term
| Steps required to make a muscle contraction-sliding filament theory |
|
Definition
1) Na+ enters the muscle fiber causing depolarization
2) Wave of depolarization is transmitted into the interior of the fiber by T-tubules
3) Results in the release of calcium ions from the SR
4) Ca^2+ binds to troponin in thin filament
5) Causes tropomyosin to shift and expose active sites on the actin
6) Exposed active sites can now bind w/ myosin heads
7) ATP binds to the myosin head causing head to cock
8) Cross bridge forms btw. actin and myosin
9) Myosin head pushed the actin toward the center of the sarcomere
10) Thin filament slides over the thick filament
11) Another ATP molecule binds to the myosin head and results in the release of the cross bridge
*Cont. as long as there is Nervous stimulation* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory neurons, Interneurons, Motor neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurons w/in the CNS that do not extend into the peripheral nervous system. Interposed btw. sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| efferent neuron that conducts action potentials away from the CNS to effector organs (muscles/glands). Forms the ventral roots of spinal nerves |
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Definition
| afferent neuron that conducts impulses from peripheral sensory organs into the CNS |
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Definition
| itching, tingling, numbness, pain |
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Definition
| response; autonomic (sympathetic/parasympathetic) |
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Definition
| receptor/neuron that binds/secrets ACh |
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Definition
| binds/secretes Epinephrin or Norepinephrine; act via G-proteins |
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Definition
| excitatory; vasoconstriction of blood cells |
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Definition
| only found on the heart/kidney; excitatory; increase rate/force of contraction of heart |
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Definition
| inhibitory; Bronchioles, Intestines; dilates airways of lungs |
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Term
| Role of the adrenal gland (medulla) in the sympathetic division |
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Definition
| control of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive systems, etc. |
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