Term
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Definition
| a system for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and to convey meaning |
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Definition
| a set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages |
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| Whats special about human language? |
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Definition
| semanticity and arbitrariness of units; displacement of time and space; discreteness and productivity |
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Definition
| elementary unit of sound that distinguishes meaning |
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Definition
| smallest units of meaning; words |
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| the meaning of a sentence |
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Definition
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| 3 characteristics of language develeopment |
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Definition
1. children learn language at an astonishing rate
2. children make few errors while learning to speak
3. understanding develops before speaking |
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Term
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Definition
| the fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure |
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Definition
| speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consists mostly of content words |
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Definition
| speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular |
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| language development-behaviorist |
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Definition
| language is learned through operant conditioning and imitation |
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| language development-nativist |
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Definition
| language is innate; innate biological capacity |
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| language development-interactionist |
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Definition
| infants are born with innate ability to acquire language, social interactions play a crucial role in language |
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Term
| linguistic relativity hypothesis |
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Definition
| the proposal that language shapes the nature of thought |
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| family resemblance theory |
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Definition
| members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member |
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Definition
| compare to one specific thing that is the "best or "most typical" member of a category |
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Definition
| a theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category |
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Definition
| the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two |
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Definition
| items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently |
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Definition
| when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event |
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Definition
| a mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgement by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event |
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Definition
| when people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed) |
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Definition
| proposes that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains |
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Term
| frequency format hypothesis |
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Definition
| the proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur |
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Definition
| a process of searching for the means or steps to reduce differences between the current situation and the desired goal |
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| analogical problem solving |
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Definition
| solving a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem |
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Definition
| figuring out what to do , or reasoning directed toward action |
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Definition
| reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief |
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed |
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