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| A group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offsrping |
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| A group of related species |
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| A group of mammals in the order Primates that have complex behavior, varied forms of locomotion, and a unique suite of traits, including larger brains, forward-facing eyes, fingernails, and reduced snouts |
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| The proposition that primates' unique suite of traits is an adaption to living in trees |
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| Physical shape and appearance |
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| Refers to those organisms that normally are awake and active during daylight hours |
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| A difference in a physical attribute between the males and females of a species |
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| The numerical description of a species' teeth, listing the number, in one quadrant of the jaws, or incisors, canines, premolars, and molars |
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| A space between two teeth |
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| Refers to a premolar adapted for cutting |
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| The production and secretion of milk from a female mammal's mammary glands, providing a food source to the female's young |
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| The naked surface around the nostrils, typically wet in mammals |
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| Heterodont Teeth (Homodont Teeth) |
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Definition
| Mammals have 4 specific kinds of teeth... Homodont teeth are sharp teeth for grabbing food. Reptiles use as well |
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| Primitive Characteristics |
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Definition
| Multiple tooth types- Incisors, canine, premolars, molars. Reduced number of teeth- Fewer premolars and molars |
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Able to maintain a constant body temp.
-Fur
-Sweat Glands
-Ingest large quantities of food
-Circulatory system
-Blood vessels that dialate and constrict
- 4 chambered heart |
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Definition
-An arboreal environment (bush, shrub, tree ecological niche
- When first started hunting they would eat bugs off the trees and leaves and then eventually had to chase and grab the bugs (not as easy).
- Conversion of eyes was a predatory adaptaion
Later these features were important for arboreal adaptations |
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| Characteristics of Primates |
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Definition
Defined as an order of animals that grasp (prehensile)
-Mobile wrist and ankle joints
-Retension of 5 digits on hands and feet
-Opposable thumbs (ability to roll thumg into palm)
-Tactile pads with sensory nerve fibers
-Nails instead of claws to protect the fiber pads (if primate were to hang the nails would protect the pad from spreading or slipping) |
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| Characteristics of Mammals |
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Definition
-Endothermic (hemothermic): able to obtain a constant body temp
-Heterodent teeth (four different types of teeth in mammals; incisors, canines, premolars, molars)
-Growth and Development, bones grow in length at cartilage growth plate, growth stops when epiphysis fuses |
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| Animals produce large numbers of offspring but provide little care for those offspring |
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| Animals have few offspring but will provide much more care |
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| Visual Predation Hypothesis of Primate Origins (Matt Cartmill) |
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Definition
| Argued that primates used to be predators: It started with hunting bugs off trees to having to chase and grab insects which lead to predatory adaptaion. Which was an important feature for arboreal adaptation |
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| Post-Orbital Bar vs. Enclosed Orbits |
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| A bone which runs around the eyesocket of most Prosimians. This is in contrast to the higher primates, Anthropoids, who have evolved fully enclosed sockets to protect their eyes |
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Definition
Eyes face forward; color vision in higher forms
-reduced reliance on smell (smaller snout)
-Generalized diet (omnivores specific kind of food)
-Long digestion
-Long growth and development
-Longer life span
-Large brain
-Highly social |
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Definition
| Lower primates. Ex. Lemurs, lorises, aye-ayes (note: most are nocturnal, solitary, arboreal, and insectivorous. Retain a tapetum eye, and rhinarium: wet nose with whiskers.) |
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Definition
Tarsiformers/ Tarsiers- Superfamily.
-Small in size
-Elongated Limbs
-Nocturnal
-No tapetum
-Fovea, which provides important visual detail |
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Definition
Includes monkeys, apes, humans, tarsiers
-larger body size and brain
-reduced sense of smell
-post orbital closure
-mostly day active
-increased reliance on vision
-greater degree of color vision
-Diurnal |
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Definition
New World Monkeys. Means flat nosed.
-Side facing nostrils
-Lack trichromatic vision
-Have 12 premolars instead of 8
-Have prehensile tails
-Form monogamous pair bonds
-Almost all arboreal
-Central and South America |
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Definition
Means narrow nose. One of the three major divisions of Haplorrhini, containing Old World monkeys and Apes.
-Dental Formula= 2.1.2.3
-Dont form pair bond
-Native to Africa and Asia
-Diurnal
-Tails not prehensile
-Flat fingernails |
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Definition
Ape.
-2 families within Hominoidea
-problem solving abilities
-use of tools
-no tail
-larger body size
-rely on vision
-suspensory hanging adaptation
-y5 cusp pattern of molars
-Arms longer than legs (but humans)
-Larger brain (smarties)
-Prolonged growth and development |
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Definition
-most have tails
-omnivorous
-5-7 month gestation
-reach sexual maturity at 4-6 years
-single male lives with each group of females
- |
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| -includes humans, gorillas, and chimps |
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Definition
| Lemus and lorises possess this unique morphology of lower incisors and canines. Useful for scraping and grooming. Especially useful for extracting resins from trees. |
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| Species that eat both plants and animals |
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| Appetite largely consisting of leaves |
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| Appetite consists of fruits, leaves, and insects |
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| Appetite consists of insects and other small creatures |
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Definition
Run along on branches and leap from one branch to another
-Challenge: hang on, keep balance
-Pladorymphe: tails as 5th limb
-Arms and legs equal length, short
-Long toes, fingers, and tail (macaques, most S. American monkeys) |
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Definition
-Spends most of the day on the ground
-Challenge: avoid predators
-Long but equal length in arms and legs
-Digits shorter
-Short or absent tail (chimps, gorillas, baboons) |
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| Vertical Clinging and Leaping |
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Definition
Locomotion.
-jumping monkeys
-mark territory by scent
-scent glands are located on wrists and chest (lemurs, lorisidae) |
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Definition
-Suspend the body beneath tree branches
-A specialized suspensory adaptation is true branchiation
-Able to hang on trees but are too heavy
-Arms longer than legs
-Fingers and toes are long (provide safety) |
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Definition
| A specialized suspensory adaptation |
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Definition
-Specialized form of locomotion
-Weight supported on the middle
-Fold their fingers to walk |
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Definition
| A Y-shaped groove is dominant with the fork of the Y directed toward the outside of the tooth |
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Definition
| Refers to lower molars, in old world monkeys, that have two ridges |
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Definition
| Is a ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull |
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Definition
| Nocturnal prosimians, orangutangs |
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Definition
| Changes that are introduced by reproductive hormones that attract the opposite sex |
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Definition
| Helps maintain social order, males are in charge of the troop for protection. Also female dominance exsists as well, in charge of food and food distribution |
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Definition
Important for learning. Mother wants to teach offspring about predators, diet, quantity, and location
-Learning
-Observation and Imitation
-Play, important in primates lives
-Communication, learn how to play nice, vocalization, gestures, explore and behavior |
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| Alloparenting (Aunt Behavior) |
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Definition
| Flo watches mother have another offspring and imitates her behavior for her own fyi when she has her own offspring |
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Definition
| Important social behavior, and hygenical importance |
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| Evolutionary Ecology/Sociobiology |
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Definition
-Goal: interpret behavior in an evolutionary perspective
-Caution: this does not mean that certain genes control specific behavior
-Ex: there is not a gene for aggression nor cooperation |
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Definition
-Advantages: avoid predation, defense of resources, access to mates, assistance in rearing and protecting offspring.
-Disadvantages: Increased likelyhood of intergroup competition for resources, greater chance of aggressive behavior and violence. Especially when the group gets too large |
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