Term
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Definition
| semifluid, jelly like substance in which subcellualer components are suspended- in all cells |
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Definition
| DNA is concentrates in a region that is not membran enclosed- prokaryotic cells |
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Definition
| the membrane at the boundry of every cel that acts as a selective barrier, regulatingthe cells chemical compoasition |
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Definition
| contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell |
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Definition
| a netlike array of protien filaments that maitains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelop |
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Definition
| the cmplex of DNA and protiens maing up chromosomes |
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Definition
| a prominent structure within the nondividing nucleus |
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Definition
| complexes made up of ribosomal RNA and protein, are the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis |
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Definition
| a membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell |
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Definition
| an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continous with the outer nuclear membrane and composd of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions |
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Definition
| outer surface lacks ribosomes |
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Definition
| studded wih ribosomes on the outer surface |
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Definition
| an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranoussacs that modify, store, and route products of the ER and synthesis some products, notable noncellulous carbohydrates |
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Definition
| a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzyme that an animal cell uses to digest(hydrolyzed) macromolecules |
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Definition
| large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus, intergral parts of cells endomembrane system |
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Definition
| the sites of cellular respiration, the metobolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels |
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Definition
| found in plants and algae, sites of photosynthesis |
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Definition
| states that and early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen using nonphotosynthetic prokayotic cell. Eventually the engulfed cell formed a relationship with the host cell becoming a endosymbiont |
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Definition
| an infolding of the inner membran of a mitrochondria |
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Definition
| a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm, plays a major role in organizing the structure and activity of the cell |
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Definition
| a protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell componenets, producing movement of whole or parts of the cell |
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Definition
| a hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that make up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and found in cillia and flagella |
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Definition
| in animal cells, microtubuls frow from here |
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Definition
| within the centrosome is a pir, each composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring |
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Definition
| a cellular appendage specialized for locamotion |
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Definition
| a short appendage contians microtubules in eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
| solid rods about 7 nm in diameter (also called actin filaments) |
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| a cellular extension of ameoboid cells used in moving and feeding |
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| a component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size betwwen microtubles and microfilaments |
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Definition
| an extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells |
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Definition
| the meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by the cell |
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Definition
| an open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between the cells |
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Definition
| a transmembrane prtein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with the aqueous solution on one or both sides of the membrane (lining the channel in the cse of a channel protein) |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane or to part of an intergral poton and not embedded in the lipid bilayer |
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Definition
| a transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely reated substances to cross the membrana |
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Definition
| the spontaneous movement of a substance down its concentration gradient: more to less concentration |
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Definition
| the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane without the expendture of energy (ATP) |
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Definition
| the movement of water across cell membranes and the balance of water between the cell and its enviroment are crucial to organsims |
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Definition
| the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water |
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Definition
| a solution surrounding a cell, causes no net movement in or out of the cell |
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Definition
| a solution surrounding a cell that makes that causes the cell to lose water |
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Definition
| a solution surrounding a cell that makes that causes the cell to gain water |
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Definition
| swollen or distended, as in plant cells |
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Definition
| lacking turgor (stiffness/firmness) |
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Definition
| a phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when the cell loses water to a hypotonic enviroment |
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Definition
| the passage of molecules ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrance with the assisstance of specific transmembrane transpost proteins, requiring no energy expenditure |
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Term
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Definition
| a transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to diffuse across the membrane dwon its concentration/electrochemical gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| a transmembrane protein for a specific ion. The opening/closing of such channels may alter a cells membrane potential |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of a substance across the membrane against its concentration/electrochemical gradient, mediated by specific transport protien ad requires ATP |
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Definition
| a transpot protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports 3 sodium out of the cell and 2 potassium into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the coupling of the "downhill" difusion ofone substance to the "uphill" transpot of another aganist its own concentration gradient |
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Definition
| the cellular secretion of bilogical molecules by the fusion of vesicles containting them with the plasma membran |
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Term
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Definition
| cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter viz formation of vesicls from the plasma membrane |
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Definition
| totality of an organisms chemical reactions |
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Definition
| a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to build a molecule |
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Definition
| a metabolic pathway that releases energy to breakdown a molecule into simplier molecules |
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Definition
| energy associated with relative motion of the object |
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Definition
| energy the matter possesses because of its location or structure |
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Definition
| study ofthe energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter |
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Definition
| ameasure of disorder, randomness |
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Definition
| use of an exergonic process to drice an endergonicone |
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Term
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Definition
| an adenin-containing nucleoside triphosphat that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells |
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Term
| phosphorylate intermediate |
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Definition
| a molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive than the unphosphorylated molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| catabolic process, a partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| catabolic pathway (most prevent and efficient), oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel |
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Term
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Definition
| catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use a electron transpot chanin for the production of ATP |
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Definition
| a chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more eletrons from one reactant to another |
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Definition
| the loss of electrons from one substance |
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Definition
| the addition of electrons to another substance |
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Definition
| electron donor in a redox reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| electron acceptr in a redox reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle eletrons down a serios of redox reactions and release energy used to make ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of reactions that ultimatley splits glucos into pyruvate. Occurs in almost all living cells, serves as the starting point gor fermentation or cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| continuity of life based on reproduction of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the life of a cell from the time it is first frmed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cellular structure carrying genetic material in the nucleus, consists of long DNA molecule and associated proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| te complex of DNA and proteins that mak up chromosomes |
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Definition
| any cell in a multicellulr organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors |
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Term
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Definition
| reproductive cell, sperm or egg |
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Term
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Definition
| each guplicated chromosome has 2, they are joined copies of the orignal chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a region containing specific DNA sequences where the chromatid is attached most closely to sister chromatid |
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Term
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Definition
| the division of the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| phase of cell cycle- mitosis and cytokinesis, usually shortest phase |
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Term
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Definition
| the perod in the cell cycle (90% of the time) when the cell is not dividing, During interphse, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are dyplicated, and cell sixe may increase, usually divided in to G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase |
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Term
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Definition
| the first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase befoe DNA syntesis begins |
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Term
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Definition
| the second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle,consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| the synthsis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which CNA is replicated |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st stage of mitosis, chromatin condense into discrete chromosomesvisible with a light microscope, miotic spindles begins to form, and nucleolus disappears but nuclear envelop remains |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd stage of mitosis, nuclear envelop fragmnts and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd stae of mitosis, spindle is complete and the chromosomes attached to microtubules at their kinetochores are all alligned at the metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| 4th stage of mitosis, chromatids of each chromosome have spereated a the daugther cromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| 5th stage of mitosis, daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun |
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Term
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Definition
| an assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| in animal cells- assembly of spindle microtubles starts at the centrosome, subcellular region containing material that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| a radial array of short microtubles, extends from each centrosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA of each centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| an imaginry structure locted at a plane midway between 2 poles of a cell in metaphase |
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Definition
1) the process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane.
2) the succession of rapid cell divisions with out significant growth during early embryonic development that converst the zygote to a ball of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st ign of cleavage in an animal cell, a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface ner the old metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| a membrane bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokiesis |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of asexual reproduction by divison in half. In prokaryotes, binar fission des not involve mitosis but in singel celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process |
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Term
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Definition
| site where the replication of DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides |
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Term
| cell cycle control system |
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Definition
| a cyclically operating set of molecules in the ekaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinated key events in the cell cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| acontrol point in the cell cycle where stop and go ahead signals cn regualte the cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| a nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly |
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Term
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Definition
| a cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuation concentration and that plays an important role in regulation the cell cycle |
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Term
| cyclin-dependent kinase (CdK) |
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Definition
| a proten kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin |
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Term
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Definition
1) a protein that must be present in the extracellular enviroment for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells
2) a local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation |
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Term
| density-dependent inhibtion |
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Definition
| the phenomenon observed in normal animalcells that causes them to stop diciding when they come into contact with one another |
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Definition
| the requirement that a cell mustbe attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell divsion |
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Definition
| the conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell |
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Definition
| An endosymbiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism, i.e. forming an endosymbiosis |
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Definition
| A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes |
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Term
| Receptor Mediated Endocytosis |
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Definition
| The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances |
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Definition
| A type of intercellular junction between animal cells that prevents the leakage of material through the space between cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a spontaneous chemical reaction, in whcih there is a net realease of free energy |
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Term
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Definition
| a non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorded from the surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as a rivet, fastening cells together |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of intercellular junction in animal cells, consisting of proteins surrounding a pore that allows the passage of materials between cells |
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Definition
| a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the moelcule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head, Phospholipids form bilayers that function as bilogical membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| having an affinity to water |
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Definition
| having no affinity to water |
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Definition
| The process in cellular metabolism where pyruvate is turned into acetyl-coA |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA(derived from pyrucate) to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokayotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage in cellular respiration |
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Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| glycolysis followed by the reduction of pryuvate to ethly alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regeneration NAD+ with no release of carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobi respiration, Such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that makes ATP by aerobic repiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present |
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