Term
| Nonspecific Immune Response |
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Definition
| Defense against any invader |
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Term
| Characteristics of Nonspecific Immune Defenses |
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Definition
Barriers/secretions
Inflammation
Complements
Natural Killer Cells |
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Term
| What do NKC's exterminate? |
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Definition
| Viruses, infected cells, cancer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Defense against a specific invader |
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Term
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Definition
| Tag specific invaders for destruction |
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Term
| What types of cells are involved in SPECIFIC immune response? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the immune system recognize as foreign? |
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Definition
Antigens such as
Bacteria, fungi, dust, pollens, food |
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Term
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Definition
| Intracellular antigens that eliminate viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| Extracellular antigens that target bacteria/fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| Earned by infection/vaccination |
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Term
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Definition
| Given via injection, serum, or from breastmilk |
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Term
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Definition
Helper T cells
CD4+
75% of T cell population
Cytotoxic T cell
CD8+
25% of t cell population |
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Term
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Definition
Differentiate into plasma cells
Which then produce antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
Are the go-between
Produced by plasma cells
Binds to antigen, and then to complement or to immune cell |
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Term
| How do lymphocytes communicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Host versus Graft Disease |
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Definition
| The host immune cells attack the foreign cells |
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Term
| Graft versus Host Disease |
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Definition
| The foreign cells attack the host immune cells |
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Term
| Hypersensitivity Reactions |
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Definition
| Invader is foreign but usually not a virus (like pollen, food, bee venom, drugs) |
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Term
| Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions |
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Definition
Type I: Allergic Reactions
Type II: Cytotoxic Reactions
Type III: Immune Reactions
Type IV: Cell Mediated Reaction |
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Term
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Definition
Large amounts of histamine are released in response to invaders
X: Such as hay fever |
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Term
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Definition
Cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign cells
X: Mismatched blood transfusion |
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Term
| Immune Complexes Reactions |
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Definition
Ag-Ab complexes deposited directly into blood vessel walls
X: Autoimmune Response Glomerulonephritis |
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Term
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Definition
T cells trigger excessive inflammation
X: Poison ivy, latex allergies |
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Term
| Two responses for Allergic Reactions |
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Definition
Local Responses
Systemic Responses |
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Term
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Definition
Pruitus
Dyspnea
Systemic vasodilation
Drop in BP |
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Term
| Medicines for Anaphylactic Shock |
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Definition
| Epinephrine (EPI pen), antihistamines, glucocorticoids |
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Term
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Definition
| Self is recognized as foreign |
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Term
| Possible Mechanisms for Autoimmune Disorders |
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Definition
After a viral infection, the host cell will produce normal/viral DNA
Self-reactive T/B cells are activated
Intracelluar molecules released
Molecular mimicry |
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Term
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Definition
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
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Term
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Definition
Chronic autoimmune disease
Chronic inflammation
Females are more susceptible |
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Term
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Definition
Immune complexes are deposited in connective tissues,
which causes inflammation, necrosis, vasculitis, decreased blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
Polyarthritis
Fever
Skin rash, ulcers
Renal damage
Pleuritis
Carditis
Raynaud's Phenomenon
CNS dysfunction
Anemia
Strokes |
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Term
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Definition
Glucocorticoids
NSAIDS
Less uV/sunlight
Lots of rest |
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Term
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Definition
| Inadequate immune response allows for opportunistic infections to sneak in. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does HIV do to CELLS? |
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Definition
HIV infects and kills T helper cells so there is no specific immune response
HIV infects and kills macrophages/CNS cells
Immune system is inadequate to deal with everyday germs |
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Term
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Definition
Secondary infections such as pneumonia, candidiasis, herpes, TB
HIV Dementia
GI distress
Kaposi sarcoma |
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Term
| Number one cause of death among those who suffer from lupus? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Transport medium
Metabolism
Lubrications
Change in gradients in concentrations of solutes/electrolytes |
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Term
| Percent water in men/women/infants? |
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Definition
Men: 60%
Women: 50%
Infants: 70%
Obese individuals: 30-40% |
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Term
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Definition
ICF - two thirds
ECF - one third |
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Term
| Variations in water losses in the body |
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Definition
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Through expiration
From burns/exercise/hyperventilation
Increased need for water - increased metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How much water is lost each day? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Increases water reabsorption
Increases concentration of urine |
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Term
| what does aldosterone do? |
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Definition
Increases Sodium-Potassium ATPase
Increases sodium reabsorption
Decreases water |
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Term
| Interstitial Fluid Excess leads to |
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Definition
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Term
| If there is a lack of plasma proteins in the body... |
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Definition
Decreased renal function
Decreased liver synthesis |
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Term
| How is the ratio of normal cells/cancer cells balanced by a well functioning body? |
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Definition
| The ratio is balanced by apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Unregulated cell reproductions |
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Term
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Definition
Encapsulated, differentiated cells
limited damage, compression of adjacent tissues
May compress tissues, blood vessels, nerves
May produce hormones, which leads to endocrine disorders |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| metastasizing, undifferentiated nonfunctional cells (CANCER) |
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Term
| Malignancy of the epithelial tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Malignancy of the connective tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Due to multiple mutations in genes - abnormal proteins, altered function |
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Term
| How do malignant cells behave? |
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Definition
Anaplastic (lack of differentiation)
Shredding of cells
Abnormal membrane proteins - allows evasion of immune cells
Overcrowding - loss of contact inhibition
Invasive - enzymes enter lymph
Abnormal secretions - paraneoplastic secretions
Angiogenic |
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Term
| How do tumors injure/kill adjacent tissues? |
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Definition
Compress blood vessels and outgrow blood supply
Use up nutrients
Produce toxins/enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
Pain
Obstruction
Necrosis
Bleeding |
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Term
| Systemic Effects of Cancer |
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Definition
Cachexia
Anemia
Infections
Paraneoplastic syndromes |
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Term
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Definition
Seen with tumors except breast
Direct action on satiety centers in hypothalamus
Decreased food intake |
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Term
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Definition
Earliest indication of cancer
Disorders in distant tissues even without metastasis
Altered gene expression
Pro-clotting formation
Endocrine disorders due to excess hormones |
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Term
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Definition
Direct invasion of adjacent tissues
Seeding in body cavities
Disseminated via lymph/hematogenic spread |
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Term
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Definition
Blood forming cells; disseminated from the start in blood/lymph
Spread quickly |
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Term
| what allows a primary neoplasm to spread to secondary sites? |
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Definition
| Abnormal expression of genes produce specific enzymes, membrane proteins |
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Term
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Definition
Cell shredding
Extracellular matrix digestive enzymes produced
Intravasation into blood vessels
Resist/dodge immune attack since they look normal
Extravasation - exit blood vessel
Extracellular matrix digestion
Angiogenic factors from tumor cells produce new blood vessels
Survival and growth at secondary site |
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Term
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Definition
| Promote cell proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibit cell proliferation |
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Term
| When do mutations occur with critical genes? |
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Definition
| When tumor suppressor genes stop inhibiting cell proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
| promotion of new blood vessel growth |
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Term
| Conditions for oncogenesis to occur |
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Definition
Initiation - carcinogenic agents change genes IRREVERSIBLY
Promotion - reversible dysregulation of cell proliferation
Progression - malignant abilities |
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Term
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Definition
Surgery
Ionizing Radiation
Chemotherapy
Hormone + Antihormone Therapy
Biotherapy
Targeted Therapy |
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Term
| What is chemotherapy used predominantly for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most common childhood cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| What are individuals with Down's syndrome most likely to develop, cancer-wise? |
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Definition
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Term
| Environmental Risk Factors for cancers |
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Definition
Therapeutic hormones
Chemicals
Radiation
Viruses |
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Term
| What pill may have a part in breast/ovary cancers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who linked scrotal cancer + coal soot? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
highly reactive species
Cause mutations |
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Term
| Lifestyle risk factors that may have an effect on cancers produced |
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Definition
Diet
Tobacco
Smoking
Alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| Has an additive effect, long delay |
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Term
| What cancer does HPV cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| Epstein-Barr virus causes which cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hepatitis B causes which cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Screening of cells/tissues
Tumor markers - areas of altered gene expression |
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Term
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Definition
Easily detected
UV rays
Melanoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Slow growing |
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Term
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Definition
Detected AFTER metastasis
Pressure on gut, bladder, etc.
Inflammatory exudate
Spreads through lymph to blood |
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Term
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Definition
Primary or secondary neoplasms
Pressure on normal brain tissue
On brainstem :( |
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