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| structured social inequality or, systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships |
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| a condition whereby no differences in wealth, power, prestige, or statuses based on non-natural conventions exist |
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| A two-directional relationship, one that goes both ways |
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| Notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes of God |
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| Ides that inequality of condition is acceptable so long as the rules of the game remain fair |
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| A society of commerce in which the maximization of profit is the primary incentive |
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| Idea that everyone should have an equal starting point |
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| Argues each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the "game" |
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| Notion that when more than one person is responsible for getting something done, the incentive is for each individual to shrink responsibility and hope the others will pull the extra weight |
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| Politically based system of stratification with limited social mobility |
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| religion-based system of stratification with no social mobility |
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| Economically based system of stratification with somewhat loose social mobility |
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| Contradictory Class Locations |
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| Idea that people can occupy locations int he class structure which fall between the two "pure" classes |
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| System of stratification based on social prestige |
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| Elite-mass Dichotomy System |
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| System of stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders who broadly hold the power of society |
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| A society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement |
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| Socioeconomic Status (SES) |
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| Individual's positon in a stratified social order |
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| Money received for work or from returns on investments |
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| Net worth, total assets minus total debts |
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| Term for the econoic elite |
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| Term commonly used to describe individuals with non-manual jobs that pay significantly more than the poverty line |
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| the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society |
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| Mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy |
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| approach that ranks individuals by SES, including income and educational attainment. Seeks to specify the attributes of people who end up in more desirable occupations |
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| Female Circumcision/Genital Cutting/FGM |
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Definition
| removal of a women's sexually sensitive clitoris |
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| underlying belief that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect |
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| biological differences that distinguish female from male |
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| refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior |
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| denotes a social position, the set of social arrangements, that are built around sex categories |
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| line of though that explains social phenomena in terms of natural ones |
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| Line of thought that explains social behavior in terms of biological givens |
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| Dominant and privileged, if invisible, category of men |
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| set of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as a male or female |
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| nearly universal system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity |
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| Theoretical tradition, every society has certain structures which exist in order to fulfill some set of functions |
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| Talcott Parson's theory that the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern societies, fulfilling the function of reproducing workers |
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| social identity of a person who has a sexual attraction of and/or relations with other person of the same sex |
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| when a person's sex or gender is the basis for judgment, discrimination, and hatred against her or him |
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| illegal form of discrimination intended to make women feel uncomfortable and unwelcome, particularly on the job |
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| invisible limit on women's climb up the occupational ladder |
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| promotional ride men take to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs |
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| group of people who share a set of characteristics, typically, but not always, physical ones. Said to share a common bloodline |
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| belief that members of seperate races possess different and unequal traits |
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| 19th century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigations into the origins, explanations, and classifications of race |
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| belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own |
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| The applications fo Darwinian ideas to society namely, the evolutionary "survival of the fittest" |
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| literally meaning "well born", theory of controlling the fertility of populations to influence inheritable traits passed on from generation to generation |
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| movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the so-called dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants |
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| belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black, evolved from laws forbidding miscegenation |
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| techinal term for multiracial marriage. |
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| formation of new racial identity, in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people |
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| one's ethnic quality of affiliation. it is voluntary, self-defined, and based on cultural differences, not physical ones |
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| A nationally, not in the sense of being a citizen, but identifying with past or future nationality |
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| Straight-line assimilation |
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| Robert Park's 1920 universal and linear model for how immigrants assimilate |
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| Clifford Geertz's term to explain the persistence of ethnic ties |
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| presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society |
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| the legal or soical practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity |
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| the mass killing of a group of people |
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| describes a subordinate, oppressed group of people |
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| organized effort to change a power hierarchy on the part of a less-powerful group in society |
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| thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group |
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| Harmful or negative acts againsst people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category without regard to individual merit |
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| argument that poor people adopt certain practices that differ from those or middle-class society in order to adapt and survivee in difficult economic circumstances |
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| notion that the poor not only are different from mainstream society in their inability to take advantage of what mainstream society has to offer but also are increasingly deviant and even dangerous to the rest of us |
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| reward structures that lead to suboptimal outcomes by stimulating counterproductve behavior |
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| point at which a houehold's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its memebers |
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| measurement of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in a given location |
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| Parenting Stress Hypothesis |
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Definition
| psychological aspects of poverty exacerbate household stress levels, this stress in turn, leads to detrimental parental practices which are not conductive to healthy child development. |
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| process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such |
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| concepts describing the social rights and obligations of a sick individual |
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| Illness in a general sense |
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| marriage to someone within one's social group |
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| marriage to someone outside one's social group |
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| practice of having only one sexual partner or spouse |
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| practice of having more than one sexual partner or spouse at a time |
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| Practice of having multiple husbands simultaneously |
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| practice of having multiple wives simultaneously |
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| Family form consisting of a father, mother, and their children |
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| Kin Networks that extend outside or beyond the nuclear family |
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| living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning |
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| Strings of relationships between people related by blood or co-residence |
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| notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing |
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| Women's responsibility for housework and childcare |
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| legally recognized unions explicitly intended to offer similar state-provided legal rights and benefits as marriage |
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| legally recognized unions that guarantee only select rights to same-sex couples |
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