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| the ways people respond to one another |
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| the way society is organized into predictable relations |
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| Socially defined positions within a large group or society |
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| Status that dominates other statuses and determines a person’s general position in society (ex. College Student) |
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| Set of expectations for people who occupy a given status |
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| When incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by same person |
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| Difficulties that arise when same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations |
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| Process of disengagement from a role that is central to one’s identity to establish a new role (doubt, make new identity) |
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| any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact on a regular basis |
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| small group with intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation |
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| formal, impersonal groups with little social intimacy or mutual understanding |
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| any groups or categories to which people feel they belong |
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| any groups or categories to which people feel they do not belong |
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any group that individuals use as standard for evaluating their own behavior (set and enforce standards of conduct and belief)
-->often two or more reference groups influence us at the same time |
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| temporary or permanent alliances geared toward common goal |
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| Organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs |
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| Series of social relationships that link a person directly to others, and indirectly links him or her to still more people |
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| Involvement in social network; valuable skill when job-hunting |
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| group designed for a special-purpose and structured for maximum efficiency |
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| component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency |
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| (Weber) construct or model for evaluating specific cases. (Weber emphasized basic similarity of structure and process found in dissimilar enterprises of religion, government, education, and business) |
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| condition of estrangement or dissociation from the surrounding society |
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| workers become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems |
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| when rules and regulations overshadow larger goals of organization and become dysfunctional |
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| every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence |
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process by which group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic
(Can take place within small group settings) |
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| even a democratic organization eventually develops into a bureaucracy ruled by a few |
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| Workers motivated almost entirely by economic rewards |
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| Role of people, communication, and participation within a bureaucracy emphasized |
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| Collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity, implying all individuals perform the same tasks |
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| Collective consciousness that hinges on the need society’s members have for one another |
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| Small community in which people have similar backgrounds and life experiences |
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| Large community in which people are strangers and feel little in common with other community residents |
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| Human societies undergo process of change characterized by dominant pattern known as |
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1) Hunting-and-gathering societies
2) Horticultural societies
3) Agrarian societies
4) Industrial societies |
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1) People rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available
2) People plant seeds and crops
3) People are primarily engaged in production of food
4) People depend on mechanization to produce goods and services |
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| Economic system engaged primarily in processing and controlling information |
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| Technologically sophisticated society preoccupied with consumer goods and media images |
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| organized workers sharing either the same skill or the same employer |
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