Groups in which socialization takes place.

-peer group, media, schools, workplace, family (p.161-168)

extreme form of slavery where slaves are treated as if they were the property of their masters, in much the same way as goats or cattle (p.208)

-existed in southern states prior to the Civil War

-The most important thing about any society was its economic system, especially the means by which it produced the stuff that people needed to survive.

-people fall into 2 social classes-upper (capitalists) and lower (workers) (p. 204-205)

-social stratification is multidimensional and economic situation was only one dimension of social position.

-sociologists need to consider not only economics but also the dynamics of power and status (p. 205-206)

ex: baseball players and secretaries would not be in same class even though they both earn living selling their labor, bc baseball players are in a higher economic class.

ex: college professor making less money than a contractor has higher social standing 

-suggested that just as legitimate means to success are unequally distributed in society, so are illegitimate means (p. 182-183).

-to innovate successfully, one needs to learn certain skills

-ex: bank robbers need to learn how to select their targets

-Durkheim
-the totality of beliefs and sentiments common to the average members of the same society, (p. 176-177).
-the values, beliefs, norms and goals shared by ppl in a particular society 

"culture of poverty"

-Oscar Lewis

-turns poverty into a vicious cycle.

-once it comes into existence, it tends to perpetuate itself from generation to generation because of its effects on the children (p. 220).

-criminals and deviants represent social enemies, and hating these social enemies can unite society

-it clarifies society's norms and moral boundaries

-encourages social change

-anomie is built into the structure of modern society

-in society, access to legitimate means to success is highly restricted, meaning there was a disjuncture between socially approved goals (success) and means (education). This represented a form of structural strain-anomie.  When there is anomie, ppl may respond or adapt in different ways.

more on p. 179-183

-used to think it was based on biological factors (facial features, etc)

--thought that criminality was linked to mesomorphy (muscular and athletic build)-the way they were socialized made them more violent.

-some thought it was personality factors arising from "unsuccessful socialization"- weak conscious=bad person.-aggressive.

(p.181 ??)

-conformity; innovation; ritualism; retreatism; rebellion

-Cloward and Ohlin

-legitimate v. illegitimate means

(p.182-183)

-occurs when people are not well integrated into society

-lack ties to their social group

-ex: unmarried ppl are less integrated into society bc they have less ties than married ppl.

-person's place in the hierarchy of this system is determined at birth

-contacts between members of different groups are permitted, though contact is fairly impersonal

(p. 200-203)

as used by G.H. Mead, organized activities in behaviors are guided by rules and in which each individual player has a specific role to carry out (p. 161)

-enhances child's ability to do role-taking.

-according to G.H. Mead, the attitude of it is the attitude of the whole community (p. 161).
-an organized process on social activity, into the experience of any one of the members 

-the latent functions of education

-preparing students to accept what teachers and administrators believe will be the students' places in the social structure.

(p. 165)

-first mode of adaptation to anomie

-accept and pursue the accepted goals of society but, when confronted with a lack of legitimate means, devise new ones (p.181).

-the act of withdrawing from society in general.

-There is usually not much interaction with other people, illnesses and phobias are major factors

-William Chambliss
-focuses not on the one who commits the deviant act but on the response of the audience (p. 187-189)

-explanations for why social arrangements are right and proper (p. 197-203).

-help to account for the persistence of particular social stratification systems

-the probabilities concerning the fate an individual can expect in life (p. 204, 217-218).

-include the probability that the individual will obtain good health, education, autonomy, and a long life.

-affected by parental class position and parental income

-distinctive ways in which people consume goods and services, the social customs associated with each class (p. 204n).

-differences in it reflect people's financial and social resources

-Cooley's term for the process by which individuals acquire and maintain their social selves through reflective interaction with others (p.156-158).

-how others perceive us shapes how we see ourselves.

-the ability to impose one's will or to get one's way even when faced with opposition from others.
-according to Weber as "the probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his own will despite resistance," (p.205).

the kind of deviant acts that most everyone does from time to time; frequently, may go unnoticed and unsanctioned (p.189)

-might be done as a desire to fit in with a group

-5th mode of adapting to anomie that Merton identified

-reject both cultural goals and means and then substitute new ones.

-response to strain in the social structure is to tear it down and build up a new one (p.182).

-reject both the goals and the legitimate means to them.

-some members drop out of society by moving away from all other people (p. 182).

-one of Merton's responses to anomie

-reject culturally approved goals but continue to pursue the means

-following rules becomes more important than achieving goals

(p.182)

-can exist within caste, estate and class systems.

-most frequently found in agricultural areas

-if it persists in more than a couple generations, it tends to become heriditary

(p.208-209)

-said the self involves 2 phases: the I and the Me-the social self is a product of the interaction between the two.

-play, games, role-taking=important

-conveys the fact that society is made up of social layers, or strata, that are arranged in hierarchy (p. 196-197).
-all have 3 things in common:1) they tend to persist for a long time 2)the systems are resistant to change 3) each system is bolstered by widely accepted legitimating rationales. 

-distinction depends on amount of social mobility that the system allows

-open system would have a great deal of both horizontal and vertical mobility, closed system would not (p. 209-210).