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| Everything is GOd, just like Pantheism, except God is more |
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| Many different Gods and no single unifying power or principle |
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| Two principles or beings which/who orders the world. The world MAY consist of realities distinct from the principles or beings which order |
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| Single principle or being which/who orders the world. The world consists of realities distinct from the principles or being that orders |
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| The world (universe, cosmos) is God. Particular beings (things) in the world, including the totaling of the world, are manifestations or modes of God |
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| The world is God but the world is not all that God is |
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| Within, inside-if God is within the world, the God is available for human interaction. If there's no difference between God and us, he can't help us |
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| Beyond, outside. If God isn't trapped by Impatence or lack of power, God can then help us because he's outside the world, but God is then hard to relate to and to interact with |
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| Most extreme form of Monotheism |
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Pantheism-Very immanent
Animism-Less immanent |
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| Dualism---Monotheis wants transcendence more than immanence |
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| Created in order to solve the problem (explicitly tries to have both, transcendence and immanence) |
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| Monotheism-Transcendence and immanence |
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| Christian---gnostic and millenarian |
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| Christianity---gnostic, mystical, and modern liberal |
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| Christianity---panentheism-liberal and myscital |
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| Multiple realities but one single order |
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| Cycle of nature---birth, growth, death, and rebirth |
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| Nature worship; emphasized equinoxes and summer and winter solstices |
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| Helps control environment |
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Amaterasu-Sun Goddess: Great August Kami; who shines in Heaven
She is secluded in her cave, and tricked into reappearing by other Kami |
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| Northern New Mexico nature worship |
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| Acknowledgement of other gods, but one superior god, i.e.) Zeus |
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| Polytheistic concept where culture admits and acknowledges other gods but your god is better |
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| African continent religion |
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| Patterns of transcendence; Gods in family and Urimas; Roman Catholocism is very similar to African culture; when Africans were brought over as slaves, they like Catholocism because of the comfortable fit with saints |
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| Tutelary deities who guard and preserve a place or a person are fundamental to ancient Roman religion |
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| EVERY TRADITION IS DIVERSE |
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| Multiple realities bu one single order |
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| 3 realities...spiritual, physical, God. |
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| Cycle of birth, growth, death, rebirth |
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| Male dominated creators; sovereignty, transcendence/monarchial polytheism, i.e.) Zeus |
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| An Afro-Brazilian religion steeped in African traditions and worshiped by Brazil’s diverse slave population, candomblé combined traditional Yoruba, Fon, and Bantu beliefs and Roman Catholicism. |
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| 1.A Brazilian folk religion combining elements of macumba, Roman Catholicism, and South American Indian practices |
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| A pantheistic Afro-Cuban religious cult developed from the beliefs and customs of the Yoruba people and incorporating some elements of the Catholic religion |
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Polytheistic religion derived from worship of gods in African and the beliefs of Catholicism. Practiced mainly by the West Indians.
An African-based religion practiced primarily in Haiti and in other Central and South American countries. |
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| Egyptian mother goddesses |
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| Isis; Osiris-Isis is wife of brother Osiris-Death and revivification of Osiris; impregnanted Isis, birth of Honus |
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| Mesopotamian mother goddesses |
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| Ishtar; Tammuz-Ishtar is mother and lover of Tammuz-Death and revivification of Tammuz |
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The eternal female-energy/sacred power manifest primarily in wife, or female.
Eternal female-Luma, Paravati, and Kali |
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Sexual desire
A benevolent goddess, wife of Shiva, mother of Ganesh and Skanda, often identified in her malevolent aspect with Durga and Kali |
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| Cohort of Siva and usually carrying weapons to destroy the demons. She is black and may have four or eight arms holding knives and severed heads. In the form of Chamunda, she has a terrifying look and wears a garland of skulls. Snakes and scorpions adorn her body. Goddess of Time or Period |
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| Coequal and coeternal powers |
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| Two forces that are fighting |
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| Two forces that are fighting |
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| Examples of conflictual dualism |
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| Persian/Iranian-zoroastrianism-overcoming opponent; light and dark, spirit and matter, good and evil |
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| Male and female-somewhat opposite of conflictual dualism |
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| Exmples of complementary dualism |
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| Confucianism-ying and yang-male and female |
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| Mesopotamia/Roman-Zoroastrianism influenced Christianity (millenarianism) |
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| All existing things are in some sens divine; God and nature are identical |
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| All particular things are modes of or appearances of God |
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1.The endurance of pain or hardship without a display of feelings and without complaint
2.An ancient Greek school of philosophy founded at Athens by Zeno of Citium. The school taught that virtue, the highest good, is based on knowledge, and that the wise live in harmony with the divine Reason (also identified with Fate and Providence) that governs nature, and are indifferent to the vicissitudes of fortune and to pleasure and pain |
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| Materialism, spiritualism |
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Good: account for diversity of understanding
Bad: Conflicting Gods |
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| Vedic-Early Hinduism-Polytheistic |
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| Middle Hinduism-tried to resolve good and bad of polytheism but had to pantheistic perception of the world |
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| Late Hinduism-Pantheistic monism |
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| American transcendentalism |
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| Liberal new age religions |
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| Polytheism-Henotheism-Monotheism |
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| Period between eight and second centuries B.C.E. when current major livine religions were created |
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| Jewish monotheism; Tri-theism, trinatarianism? |
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God and nature are one; i.e.) the world is actually a part of God, however, the world is not the whole of God
THis is a philosophical or theological position developed in the 19th and 20th centuries
An attempt to explain a relation between God and humans |
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| What does monarchial polytheism do? |
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| It recognizes one chief God |
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| Who are Isis and Osiris most similar to? |
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1. Now this, monks, is the noble truth of pain[dukkha]: birth is painful, old age is painful, sickness is painful, death is painful, sorrow, lamentation, dejection and despair are painful. In short the five groups of grasping [khandhas] are painful.
2. Now this, monks, is the noble truth of the casue of pain[tanha`]: the craving, which tends to rebirth, combined with pleasure and lust, finding pleasure here and there, namely, the craving for passion, the craving for existence, the craving for non-existence.
3. Now this, monks, is the noble truth of the cessation of pain: the cessation without a remainder of craving, the abandonment, forsaking, release, non-attachment.
4. Now this, monks, is the noble truth of the way that leads to the cessation of pain:: this is the Noble Eightfold Way. |
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| First Noble Truth-pain or suffering. Dukkha should not, however, be understood simply as ordinary pain, sorrow, and suffering; it includes the deeper sense that imperfection and impermanence are constitutive of life. |
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| TANHA-The cause of dukkha-craving; thirst. |
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| Tanhakkyaha; extinction of thirst. Nirvana or the goal of enlightemnet. |
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| Eightfold Path-way leading to the cessation of suffering, of the eightfold path that leads to enlightenment and nirvana. |
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| Social rite or ceremonial, the "rules of social propriety" |
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| Perceived as a rite or ceremonial, the rules of social propriety, is perceived by Confucians as a sacred rite or way. Li involves the acquiring of a human virtue and power consistent with the mandate or approval of Heaven. It is heaven brought down to earth. |
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| Selected sayings-written by Confucius and his disciples. |
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| A number of means by which li and the social cirtues associated with "propriety" are to be advanced. |
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| The key to the family is the child's respect for his or her parents. |
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| Confucius taught that the moral ideal is exemplified in the Chun-tzu. |
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| The chun-tzu; poised, sincere, and adequate for every occasion-rules by te, the cirtue and power of moral character. |
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| Theos and dike: God and justice. Justifying the ways of God in the face of the chaos and evil in the world. The word was coined by the philosopher Leibniz in an influential work entitled Essais de The`odic`ee (1710). |
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| This hope of early Isreal was, however, sorely tested through the centuries. Out of Israel's travail, there emerged a radically different but essentially this-worldly eschatology. |
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| Compensation for the suffering of the present time is postponed into the future, but a future realized on this earth and not in some other-worldly Heaven. |
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| Broke all ties with the feudal order and organized into a enw society that stressed a sharing of all goods in common. |
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| Promise that despite the injustice and consoled, and the unjust brought down and punished. |
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| Shi'i other-worldly theodicy |
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| Underlines the compensation for present suffering, and especially for martyrdom, in an other-worldly Paradise. |
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| GOd and justice; justifying the ways of God |
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| Mystical participation theodicy |
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| When individuals maintain primal societies and suffer less from personal anomie or misfortune |
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| Sting of our own misfortune and death |
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| This-worldly eschatology theodicy |
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| Eschatology comes from the Greek term ta eskata meaning "the final things;" hence, eschatology is the science or study of the last destiny of the world and of humanity. This includes the study of the final goal (or final cause) of humanity, the reality which draws us to fulfillment (i.e. the reality of God). |
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| Millenarian/this-worldly eschatology |
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| Compensation for the suffering of the present time is postpone into the future, but a future realized on this earth and not in some other-worldly heaven |
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| Broke all ties with the feudal order and organized into a new society that stressed a sharing ofo all goods in common |
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| Can be observed in the Shi`i movement that is distinctive of Iranian revolutionary Islam under the recent leadership of the Imam Khomeini |
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| The coming of the Imam at the end of time to initiate a thousand years of peace and justice, and to redress the wrongs of individuals and the community, is believed to be occuring at the present time. |
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| Promise that despite the injustice and suffering of the present time, the Elect peasants would soon be vindicated and consoled, and the unjust brought down and punished |
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1. Jerusalem, the Golden, WIth milk and honey blest, beneath they contemplaction Sink heart and voice oppresssed; I know not, O I know not What joys await us there, What radiancy of glory, What bliss beyond compare...
4. O sweet and blessed country, The home of God's elect! O sweet blessed country, That eager hearts expect! Jesus, in mercy bring us, To that deal land of rest, Who art, with God the Father, And Spirit ever blest. |
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| Shi`i other-worldly theodicy |
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| Exmple of other worldly theodicy; Dante's Paradiso |
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| Not a prevalent doctrine in the modern world religions, either East or West. However, as indicated earlier, its appeal was very great in the centuries just before and after the beginnings of Christianity, in Zoroastrianism, Mithraism, Manichaeism, and Gnosticism. |
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Built on Indian theodicy; Samsare is the wheel of rebirth, or reincarnation, the doctrine that each soul passes through a sequence of bodies.
Karma-is the law of cause and effect. Each person is the effect of the actions of a previous embodiment and, in turn, is the architect of his or her own habits and character, and hence of his or her desinty in a future rebirth. As the Hindu Chandogya Upanishad asserts... |
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| Law appropriate to our present condition or caste. Progress between states of rebirth depends in large measure on fulfilling the dharma or law appropriate to our present condition or caste. |
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1. Suffering as Recompense for Sin
2. Suffering as a Test and as a Necessary Condition of "Soul-Making"
3. A Theodicy of Submission: The Mystery of God's Sovereignty
4. A Theodicy of Protest
The free will defense
Process Theodicy |
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| Suffering as Recompense for Sin |
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| One justification of suffering is to see it as a punishment for sin. This was the traditional answer of the biblical Deuteronomic historians who commpleted a compilation of ancient Hebrew historical works after the exile in babylon in 587 B.C.E. |
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| Sufferingas a test and as a Necessary Condition of "Soul-Making" |
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| The belief in a just balancing of righetousness and prosperity, of evil and suffering, although possibly attractive in the abstract, does not long stand up to the test of experience. |
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| A Theodicy of Submissions: The Mystery of God's Sovereignty |
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| A third monotheistic theodicy appeals to faith in the face of God's mysterious ways that pass human understanding. This may be the monotheists ultimate refuge, whatever intellectual explanations may appear as plausible justifications of God and evil. The Locus Classicus is, again, the Book of Job |
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| Many sensitive theists have come to insist that theological arguments justifying God in the face of evil are not only shallow but also downright diabolical. Antitheodicy more specifically; Protest against God and all easy consolations is, then, a fourth theme we encounter in the Book of Job |
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| Hick begins by acknowledgin it is not possible to show that all humans pain serves God's purpose. However, he does believe it is possible to show that the divine purpose could not be advance in a world that was "designed as a permanent hedonistic paradise," that is, in an environment where the end was simply human pleasure and comfort. |
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| Suppose that the world is a hedonistic paradise, that is, free of all possibility of pain and suffering. What kind of world would it be? Hick argues that it would, to say the least, be quite extraordinary and, finally, not very appealing:... |
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Argues that nothing, not even God, can WHOLLY determine the being of others.
Most impressive arguments for the incoherence of the classical view of diving omnipotence are offered by theologians who have appropriated the doctrines of twentieth-century Process philosophy, particularly those of Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947) and Charles Hartshorne (1897-2000). |
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| Direct experience/intuition/of the sacred, holy, God. Individula perceivews self as part of a larger group. Sacrifice-suffering for the greater whole |
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| Wheel of birth, and rebirth |
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Suffering, pain and evil are explaiend as the result off the work of the evil God/principle in the world.
Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, Christian Dualism (the evil) |
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| Future other-worldly theodicy |
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| Suffering and pain in the life will be compensated for in a future life after physical death |
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| Future, this worldly theodic |
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| Present suffering will sense, and a golden age of happiness will occur in this world or life. Cessation of suffering and in aggregation of an age of happiness (peace and justice) is understood to take place in this world and within the frame of an individuals life. Ex.) Ancient Israel/Hebrew Bible |
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Unmerited suffering/undeserved suffering. Otherwise GOOD people are suffering ex) born with painful diseases.
Brutalized, raped, held hostage, etc. born into extreme poverty. Approximately 1 billion people are malnourished.
Theodicy originated in monotheistic religions conditions mainly in Christianity and Judaism |
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| All powerful, all knowing, and all loving |
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| Cahos, no control over reality-PROBLEM |
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| Perverted will; we don't want want correct things-PROBLEM |
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Find out what counts as suffering-Mahayana: The Great Vehicle
Amida-Amitabha, Pure Land Buddhism |
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551-476 B.C.E.-Shantang province
Experential problem-breakdown of social/political order; independent provinces then fight against each other; life is tough-SOCIAL POLITICAL CHAOS |
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| Solution to Confucian problem |
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| To sacrifice, ritual, social propriety, decorum. Ancient rules of personal and social behavior. These rules are embedded in the structure of the world (Nature) and thus are spoken of as originally from Heaven-The Mandate of Heaven |
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| Solution to Christian problem |
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| The will of God; proper conduct depends upon proper education; central to education are role models of virtuous behavior |
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| Cause of Christian problem |
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| Stoicism-Playwright; Apathea-You can't care about what's out of your control |
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| Stoicism-same as epictetus |
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| Craving which tends to rebirth-Saddartha Gautama |
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