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| monotheism vs. henotheism |
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montheism- belief in the existence of one deity, or in the oneness of god.
Henotheism- henotheism recognizes the existence of other gods, but claims a special relationship or covenant with one god, who is seen as superior to the rest. |
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| without a temple, public ritual had come to and end, but in its place the written word took on a new importance. What developed was the sabbath service of workship, study, sermon, and psalms, performed in a meeting house, or synagogue. (greek "lead together") |
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| Reconstructionist Judaism |
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| Newest form of Judaism, founded by modern Kaplan. Sees Judaism as a changing cultural force, with many elements and manifestations. Judaism, in this view, is a whole civilization "which expresses its self...in literature, art, music, and even cuisine. It never stands, but still envolves. |
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| for some jews, the european movement of reform seemed to radical, conservative Judaism traces its origins back to Germany, but it took strong root in the U.S. amond jews who desired moderate change that was coupled with a protection of beloved traditions. |
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| developed in response to reform Judaism and larger hostile enviorment of the modern world. Orthodox Judaism is committed to retain tradition. Orthodox Judaism also believes that in the Torah, God gave moses the entire torah on mount sinai. |
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| Began in 1885, shrimp was served during a graduation ceremony. According to reform jews, Judaism is an evolving progressive religion "ever striving to be in accord with postubites of reason." |
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| began in 1730's by a jewish itinerant healer, Baal Shem Tov ('master of the Good name"). He argured that Judaism had become overly intellectual and legalistic. As a reformer, he placed greater emphasis on prayer (as opposed to study), spiritually and the direct experience of God. |
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Originally early spring festival/ marking beginning of planting season. In time- came to commemorate yawhew's deliverence of the Hebrew people out of Egyptian bandage- began 40 years of wandering in the desert. Passover lasts 8 days and ends with seder, a meal compromised of highly symbolic foods to mark various aspect of Jewish flight for Egypt.
Example- bitter herbs (bandage), unleavened bread (hasty departure), the chank bone of a lamb. (sacraficial lamb) |
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Hanukkah commemorates the succesful rebellion of "Judah of hammer" in 165 BCE against the syrians.
The nine candles on the Menorah- the holidays central symbol- commemorates the miraculous burning of an oil lamp for eight days when it only had enough oil for one |
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| Rosh Hashanah, Ten days of Repentance, Yom Kippur |
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Rosh hashanah (meaning the "head of the year") celebrates the Jewish New Year and the creation of Adam and Eve (usually in September)
Followed by the "Ten days of Repentance." During this period; God stands in judgement of individuals and mankind. Period of self evaluation
Yom Kipper- most sacred day of the year- end period of atonement with day of fasting. This "festival without food" expresses their remorse for having sinned. |
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This "santuary in time" begins at sunset on Friday and end at the same time on Saturday. It commemorates the seventh day of creation when god rested. Dedicted to God, rest, family, and religious study. Sabbath includes many prohibitions against work.
Examples- home projects, food preperation ect. |
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Bar Mitzvah means "son of the commandments." At the age of 13, a Jewish boy is considered mature enough to be responsible for his actions. in religous terms, he is no longer a "minor." The ritual consists of hiim reading from the torah and making a personal declaration to uphold the commandments. The bat mitzvah is a similar ritual for girls. |
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| Bris means "covenant." it is a ritual that takes place eight days after the birth of a boy, in which the foreskin of his penis is cut off. This is a sign of the flesh of his covenant with God. |
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-among land animals, animals that have hooves and chew their own cud are ok.
example- pigs rabbits and camels are not permitted
-Shechitah- humane slaughter ritual to be considered kosher (all blood drained out)
-Among water animals, only those with scales and fins can be eaten.
examples- lobster, clams, and shrimp and not permitted -Anything that crawls on its belly not permitted Examples- no snakes -No mixing of meat and dairy (requires seperate utensils)
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Kosher- "Ritually Correct" kosher food is not blessed food, but it is food that is acceptabe to begin with and is properly prepared.
Trief- Literally refers to animals "torn"/killed by other animals such animals are unfit to eat. |
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| Kabbalah, Gematria, Golem |
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Kabbalah- "recieved", "handed down", the whole body of Jewish Mystical literature.
Gematria- a special key for mystical interpretation was gematria- the practice of transposing words into numbers. (The term gematria is related to the word geometry)
Example- Aleph, the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet, would be given a value of 1.
Golem- |
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Mishna- explains the concept of application of Jewish law to everyday people
Talmud- gathered Misha and Gemara into one book |
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| also known as the Torah (five scrolls), organized to tell a linear history |
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| Tanakh, Torah, Nevi'im, Ketuvim |
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Tanakh- acronym that refers to the three divisions of the entire bible
Torah- "The teaching"- the first five books of the Hebrew scripture.
nevi'im- "prophets"- second section. Made up of historical and prophetic books.
Ketuvim- "writings"- third section consisting primarly of poetry, proverbs, and literary works. |
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It was a German scholar who first purposed the theory that the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Old Testament) was actually compromised of four sources. J,E,D and P that were brought together by later authors
This challenged the tradtional view that moses was the sole author |
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| Two views of the Hebrew Bible: Religious vs. Academic Religious |
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Academic- began under combined influence of literary analysis, comparative linguistics and archeological discoveries. German scholar purposed the theory that the Pentateuch (5books of the old testament) was compromised of four sources. J,E,D, and P- challenged that moses was the author. humans are fundamentally historical
-Religous view- maintains that the Torah was given in full to moses on mount Sinai
-plenary insiration- bible is inspired therefore true -one divin source- bible one true message -claimed authorship should be taken at face value
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| The History of the Hebrew Bible and its significance for christianity, islam, and western culture |
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-While each of these religious thought their own scriptures super ceded the Hebrew Bible, they nevertheless accepted its God, many of his prophets and the basic history it told.
- With respect to western civilzation more broadly, some scholars argue that science, education, the law, ect. developed because of (not in spite of) this Judeo- christain heritage. |
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| the dispertion of Jews beyond Isreal, particularly to persia, Egypt, and the mediterranean region. |
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| practicing Judaism in a foreign land, confronted jews throughtout much of their history. |
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-Biblical vs. Rabbinical Judaism |
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Biblical Judaism- refers to judaism before the destruction of the second temple. It is characterized as- god given homeland; a temple; and sacrificial system requiring a specialized.
Rabbinical- Judaism that developed after the destruction of the second temple. Characterized as "Homeless" god: Diaspora has the effect of emphasizing Gods transcendent and universality. |
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-Spirit/political idea of traditional Judaism has always been at of locative ("at home") tradition.
-Temple center of religious life
-when Jews driven out of homeland they thought:
What did we do to offend God? ect. This threw them into spiritual crisis.
-problem of Diaspora i.e.- practicing Judaism in a foreign land, has confronted Jews throughout much of their history. In 586 First temple was destroyed by Babylonians and Jews were forced into exile. |
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-A contract; the contract between the Hebrews and their god, Yahweh
-Covenants of Tanakh
-First covenant- between God and Noah. God destroys Earth in a flood- then god says humans are now allowed to eat animal flesh: All slaughter of animals must be done in context of sacrificial rite of priest.
-second covenant: bet Abraham and God- Abraham was selected to be father of multitude-circumcision-sign of covenant
-third covenant: consists of god giving law to moses at the mount sinai- Isrealities- holy people |
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