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| learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences |
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| the process of learning associations |
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| we learn to associate two stimuli and thus anticipate events |
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| we learn to associate a response and its consequence and tus to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results |
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| we learn from other people's experiences |
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| the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental process |
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| in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response |
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| higher order conditioning |
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| a new neutral stimulus can become a new conditioned stimulus. This occurs when it becomes associated with a previously conditioned stimulus |
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| the diminished responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus no longer signals an unconditioned stimulus |
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| the reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a pause |
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| the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned response |
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| the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli |
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| actions that are automatically responses to a stimulus |
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| actions followed by reinforcers increase; those followed by punishers decrease; Behavior that operates on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli |
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| thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
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| a procedure in which reinforcers gradually guide a animal's actions toward a desired behavior |
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| any event that strengthens a preceding response |
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| strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response |
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| strengthens a response by reducing or removing something undesirable or unpleasant |
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| partial reinforcement schedule |
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Definition
| responses are sometimes reinforced and sometimes not; initial learning slow, extinction slow |
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| continuous reinforcement schedule |
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| responses are reinforced every time; initial learning fast; extinction fast |
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| partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces behavior after a set number of responses |
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| partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcers after an unpredictable number of responses |
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| partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces the first response after a fixed time period |
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| variable interval schedule |
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| partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces the first response after varying time intervals |
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| decreases the frequency of a behavior |
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| administer an unpleasant stimulus |
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| withdraw a desirable stimulus |
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1. behavior is suppressed, not forgotten
2. punishment teaches discrimination
3. punishment can teach fear
4. physical punishment may increase aggressiveness by modeling aggression as a way to cope with problems |
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| learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
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| a mental representation of the layout of one's environment |
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| the desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake |
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| a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment |
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| when animals revert to their biologically predisposed patterns |
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| an aspect of observational learning that involves observing and imitating a specific behavior |
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| frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy |
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| learning that has persisted over time, information that has been stored and can be retrieved |
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| the processing of information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning |
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| the retention of encoded information over time |
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| the process of getting information out of memory storage |
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| the immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
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| activated memory that holds a few items briefly such as the seven digits of a pone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten |
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| the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills and experiences |
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| a newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory |
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| what is automatic processing |
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Definition
| unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency and of well learned information such as word meaning |
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| encoding that requires attention and conscious effort, such as studying for this exam |
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| repeating information so that you can remember it easier |
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| the encoding of picture images |
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| the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words |
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| the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words |
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| mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding |
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| memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
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| recalling the high points while forgetting the mundane |
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| organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
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| a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
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| a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
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| an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
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| a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
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| retention independent of conscious recollection - cerebellum |
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| memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"- hippocampus |
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| a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage |
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| a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test |
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| a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test |
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| a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time |
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| the activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory |
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| the eerie sense that you've experienced something before. cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience |
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| the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood |
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| the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
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| the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
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| psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes rom consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings and memories |
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| incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
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| attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined |
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| the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings |
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| the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups |
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| when we group nearby figures together |
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| when we group similar figures together |
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| we perceive smooth continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones |
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| we perceive uniform and linked things as a single unit |
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| we fill in gaps to create a complete whole object |
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| the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance |
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| a lab device used for testing infant's depth perception |
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| depth cues such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes |
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| a binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance- the greater the disparity between the two images, the closer the object |
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| depth cues such as interposition and linear perspective available to either eye alone |
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| an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession |
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| perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change |
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| we perceive a shape to be unchanging no matter what angle it is changed to Ex: opening door |
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| we perceive objects as having a constant size, even while our distance from them varies |
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| we perceive an object as having a constant lightness even while its illumination varies |
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| perceiving familiar objects as having a consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object |
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| in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field |
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| a mental predisposition to perceive on thing and not another |
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| the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition |
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| the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis |
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