Term
| According to Freud, if a child is gratified too little what may happen? |
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Definition
| The child may be left trying to makeup for unmet needs |
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Term
| Oepidus (male) or Electra (female) Complex |
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Definition
| Occurs in the phallic stage, a conflict in which the child is sexually attracted to the opposite sex parent and feels hostility towards the same sex parent. |
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Term
| In what stage of psychosexual development does the Oepidus Complex occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what stage of psychosexual development will the child experience a period of sexual calm and have an interest in school, hobbies and same sex friends? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is E. Fuller Torrey's criticism of psychoanalytic concepts that have influenced western culture? |
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Definition
| It has lead to an overemphasis on sexual pleasure |
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Term
| According to Freud's supports, how had the popularization of psychoanalysis benefited people in western societies? (2) |
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Definition
| 1) Made people more aware of the importance of sexuality in their lives 2) Made people more aware of the significance of early childhood experiences to later development. |
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Term
| According to Pieringer, Fazekas, & Peringer (2005), what aspect of Freud's psychoanalytic theory continues to be important in explaining psychological disorders? |
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Definition
| Emphasis on family dynamics |
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Term
| According to Runbaum (2006), why have scientific challenges to Freud's psychoanalytic theory arisen in recent decades? |
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Definition
| Because of psychoanalysts' failure to adequately test the casual hypothesis found in psychoanalytic theory by means other than after the fact analyses of clinical case studies |
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Term
| According to the Katerndahl, Burge, & Kellogg (2005) study, what Freudian hypothesis has received partial scientific support? |
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Definition
| His assertion that childhood trauma leads to the development of psychological disorders in adulthood |
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Term
| According to Jung, personality consists of 3 parts. What are they? |
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Definition
| ego, personal unconscious and collective unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| In Jung's theory, the layer of the unconscious that contains all the thoughts, perceptions, and experiences accessible to the conscious, as well as repressed memories, wishes and impulses. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Jung's theory, the most inaccessible layer of the unconscious, which contains the universal experiences of humankind throughout evolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Existing in the collective unconscious, an inherited tendency to respond to universal human situations in particular ways |
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Term
| According to Alfred Alder (1927,1956) _______ acquired in childhood motivates most of our behavior. |
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Definition
| The drive to overcome feelings of inferiority |
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Term
| According to Alder (1956), how will the child and later the adult struggle to achieve superiority? |
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Definition
| developing a "style of life" at an early age |
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Term
| What is an inferiority complex, according to Dreikurs? |
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Definition
| When inferiority feelings are so strong that they prevent personal development |
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Term
| What are the two main themes that center around Karen Horney's (neo-Freudian) theory of personality? |
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Definition
| Neurotic Personality and Feminine Psychology |
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Term
| According to Horney, what did Freud overemphasize and neglect in his theory of personality? |
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Definition
| He overemphasized the role of the sexual instinct and neglected cultural and environment influences on personality |
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Term
| According to Horney, what is the origin of women's psychological difficulties? |
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Definition
| Arise from the failure to live up to an idealized version of themselves |
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Term
| According to Horney, what does it take to be psychologically healthy? |
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Definition
| Women and men must learn to overcome irrational beliefs about the need for perfection |
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Term
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Definition
| a personal characteristic that is stable across situations and is used to describe or explain personality |
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Term
| How do trait theories attempt to explain personality and differences between people? |
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Definition
| In terms of personal characteristic that are stable across situations |
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Term
| How did R Cattel (1950) differentiate between surface and source traits? |
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Definition
| Surface traits are observable while source traits are deep, more general, underlying personality factors. |
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Term
| How many source traits did Cattel find in normal individuals? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Eysenck's (1990) three factor trait model (AKA the PEN model) what three dimensions are basic traits found in personality? |
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Definition
1) Psychoticism - continuum that represents an individuals link to reality.
2) Extraversion - ranges from people who are outgoing to those who are shy
3) Neuroticism - describes emotional stability |
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Term
| According to R. McCrae and P. Costa (1985) and Goldberg (1993) what are the Big Five dimensions of personality? |
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Definition
| Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism |
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Term
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Definition
| The view that personality can be defined as a collection of learned behaviors acquired through social interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Bandura's concept of a natural influential relationship among behavior, cognitive factors and environment |
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Term
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Definition
| The perception a person has of his or her ability to perform competently at whatever is attempted. |
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Term
| What does J. Rotter mean by an internal locus of control and external locus of control? |
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Definition
ILOC - people see themselves as primarily in control of their behavior and its sequences.
ELOC - perceive that whatever happens to them is in the hands of fate, luck or chance. |
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Term
| Why are people with an external locus of control less likely to change their behavior as a result of reinforcment? |
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Definition
| Because they do not see reinforcers as being tied to their own actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fulfills a basic physical need for survival and doesn't depend on learning. examples include food, water, sleep and termination of pain |
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Term
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Definition
| Acquired or learned through association with other reinforcers. Examples include praise, good grades, applause, attention, signals of approval |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning to perform a behavior because it prevents or terminate an aversize event. |
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Term
| Give two examples of escape learning |
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Definition
| Running away from punishment and taking asprin to relieve pain |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning to avoid events of conditions associated with aversize consequences or phobias |
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Term
| What is avoidance learning usually in response to? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A passive resignation to aversize conditions that is learned through repeated exposure in inescapable or unavoidable aversive events |
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Term
| Observational learning (social-cognitive learning) |
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Definition
| Learning by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior, learning by imitation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The individual who demonstrates a behavior or whose behavior is imitated |
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Term
| What is the effectiveness of the model related to? |
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Definition
| His/her status, competence and power |
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Term
| According to Bandura, what are the two contingencies associated with whether learned behavior is performed? |
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Definition
1) Whether the observer expects to be rewarded for their behavior
2) Whether the observer served models are rewarded or punished for their behavior |
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Term
| According to Week & Anderson, what improves observational learning? |
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Definition
| When several sessions of observation precede attempts to perform the behavior and are then repeated in early stages of practicing it. |
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Term
| According to Bandura, what four processes determine whatever observational learning will occur? |
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Definition
| Attention, Retention, Reproduction and Reinforcement |
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Term
| According to Freud, what is the most important factor influencing personality? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A series of stages through which the sexual instinct develops; each stage is defined by an erogenous zone around which conflict arises. |
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Term
| According to Bandura, what four processes determine whatever observational learning will occur? |
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Definition
| Attention, Retention, Reproduction and Reinforcement |
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Term
| According to Freud (1905/1953b,1920/1963b), what does each stage of personality development center around? |
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Definition
| A particular part of the body that provides pleasurable sensations and around which a conflict arises. |
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Term
| If a conflict associated with an erogenous zone is not resolved what may the child develop? |
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Definition
| A child may develop a fixation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arrested development at a psychosexual stage occurring because of excessive gratification or frustration at that stage. |
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Term
| According to Freud, what may leave a person psychologically unwilling to move on to the next stage of development? |
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Definition
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