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Exam 2
PSY 101
70
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
03/09/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Consciousness
Definition
awareness of oneself and the environment
Term
biological rhythm
Definition
a periodic, more or less regular fluctuation in a biological system; may or may not have psychological implications
Term
circadian rhythm
Definition

occur approximately every 24 hours

most common sleep-wake cycle

Term
melatonin
Definition

hormone regulated by the SCN, secreted by the pineal gland deep within the brain

(dark room melatonin rises, light room melatonin lowers)

Term
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Definition
A controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the Winter and an improvement of mood in the Spring. Treatment involves phototherapy or exposure to fluorescent light
Term
PMS
Definition
Women notice depression or irritability when these moods occur premenstrual but overlook times when moods are absent premenstrual. No connection between PMS and behavior
Term
REM
Definition
rapid eye movement, last for a few minutes to an hour averaging 20 minutes, rapid somewhat irregular similiar to stage 1 and awake cycle, most dreams occur during REM (paradoxical sleep)
Term
Sleep Apnea
Definition
breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke and gasp and momentarily waken
Term
Consolidation
Definition
process by which the synaptic changes associated with recently stored memories become durable and stable, causing memory to become more reliably
Term
Psychoanalytic theory of dreams
Definition
nighttime fantasies provide insight into desire motives and conflicts of which we are unware, "royal road to unconscious"
Term
Manifest content
Definition
includes aspects of the dream we consciously experience
Term
latent content
Definition
includes unconscious wishers and thoughts symbolized in the dream
Term
Problem-focused approach to dreams
Definition

the symbols and metaphors in a dream do not disguise its true meaning, they convey it

(example George Delaney)

Term
Cognitive approach to dreams
Definition
dreaming emphasizes current concerns but it makes no claims about problem solving during sleep
Term
Activation-syntesis theory of dreams
Definition
dreaming results from the cortical synthesis and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain. At the same time, brain regions that handle logical thought and sensation from the external world are shut down.
Term
Hypnosis
Definition
A procedure in which the practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior of the subject, people can't be forced to do things against their will
Term
Sensation
Definition
The detection of physical energy emitted or reflected by physical objects, occurs when energy in the external environment or the body stimulates receptors in the sense organs
Term
Perception
Definition
The process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information
Term
sense receptors
Definition
specialized cells that convert physical energy into electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain
Term
synesthesia
Definition
a condition in which stimulation of one sense also evokes another
Term
absolute threshold
Definition
the smallest quantity of physical energy that can be reliably detected by an observer (50% correct)
Term
difference threshold
Definition

the smallest difference in stimulation that can be reliably detected by an observer when two stimuli are compared

(Just Noticeable Difference)

Term
signal-detection theory
Definition
a psychophysical theory that divides the detection of a sensory signal into a sensory process and a decision process
Term
sensory adaptation
Definition
the reduction or disappearance of sensory responsiveness when stimulation is unchanging or repetitious, prevents us from having to respond continuously to unimportant information
Term
sensory deprivation
Definition
the abscenece of normal levels of sensory stimulation
Term
inattentional blindness
Definition
we look but we do not see, selective attention - the ability to focus on some parts of the environment and block out
Term
retina
Definition
neural tissue lining the back of the eyeball's interior containing the receptors for vision
Term
rods
Definition
visual receptors that respond to dim light (120-125 million)
Term
cones
Definition
visual receptors involved in color vision (7-8 million)
Term
face module
Definition
some cells in the temporal lobe appear to respond maximally to faces, people with brain damage may continue to recognize faces even after losing the ability to recognize other objects
Term
trichromatic theory
Definition
(young helmholtz theory) the first level of processing occurs in the retina, only three colors to repond blue, green, red other colors are just combinations of these three
Term
figure and ground
Definition
the figure stands out from the rest of the environment, lower part of a scene tends to be seen as figure, the upper part as background
Term
Gestalt Principles
Definition
describe strategies used by the visual system to group sensory building blocks into perceptual units. Present form birth or developed in infancy as maturation. Proximity, closure, similarity, continuity
Term
Binocular cues
Definition
convergence and retinal disparity, turning of eyes inward, requires the use of two eyes
Term
monocular cues
Definition
cues that do not depend using both eyes, interposition,linear perspective
Term
perceptual illusion
Definition

the mind is fooled, occurs when the strategies that normally lead to accurate perception are overextended to situations

where they do not apply

Term
Gustation
Definition
taste, occurs because chemicals stimulate thousands of receptors in the mouth
Term
olfaction
Definition
smell, receptors are specialized neurons embedded in a tiny patch of mucous membrane in the upper part of the nasal passage
Term
Phantom pain
Definition
severe chronic pain that occurs without any sign of injury or disease, pain from an amputated limb or organ that was removed
Term
equilibrium
Definition
sense of balance, information about bodies as a whole
Term
subliminal perception
Definition
simple visual stimulus can indeed affect your behavior even when you are unaware that you saw for it
Term
ESP
Definition
the ability to perceive something without ordinary sensory information, has not been scientifically demonstrated
Term
concept
Definition
mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having common properties
Term
prototype
Definition
representative or most commonplace of the concept, dog is doggier, fruit is more fruitlike
Term
cognitive schema
Definition
an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic
Term
mental image
Definition
visual images, pictures in the mind's eye, a mental representation that resembles what it represents
Term
subconscious processes
Definition
mental processes occurring outside of conscious awareness but accessible to consciousness when necessary, allow us to handle more information and to peform more complex tasks
Term
nonconscious processes
Definition
mental processes occurring outside of and not available to consciousness, answers pop into your head
Term
implicit learning
Definition
when you have acquired knowledge about something without being aware how you did so, and without being able to state exactly what you have learned, speaking native language, walking uo stairs
Term
mindlessness
Definition
mental inflexibility, inertia, and obliviousness in the present context, keeps people from recognizing when a change in the situation requires a change in behavior
Term
reasoning
Definition
the drawing of conclusions or inferences from observations, facts, or assumptions
Term
deductive reasoning
Definition
a tool of formal logic in which a conclusion necessarily follows from a set of premises. A is true B is true therefore C is definately true
Term
inductive reasoning
Definition
a tool of formal logic in which a conclusion probably follows from a set of premises. A is true and B is true therefore C is probably true
Term
Heuristic
Definition
a rule of thumb that suggests a course of action or guides problems solving but does not guarantee an optimal solution
Term
dialectical reasoning
Definition
a process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared, with a view to determining the best solution or resolving differences
Term
reflective judgement
Definition
(critical thinking) seven stages, people make different assumptions about how things are known and use different ways of justifying or defending their beliefs, based on evidence
Term
prereflective stages
Definition
assume that a correct answer always exists and that it can be obtained directily through the senses or from authorities. brought up to believe
Term
quasi-reflective stages
Definition
people recognize that some things cannot be known with absolute certainty and they realize that judgments should be supported by reasons, yet they pay attention only to evidence that fits what they already believe
Term
reflective stages
Definition
willing to consider evidence from a variety of sources and to reason dialetically
Term
availability heuristic
Definition
the tendency to judge the probability of an event by how easy it is to think of examples
Term
hindsight bias
Definition

the tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known

The "I knew it all along" phenomenon

Term
confirmation bias
Definition
the tendency to pay attention only to information that confirms one's own beliefs, and not pay attention to info that disconfirms your belief
Term
cognitive dissonance
Definition
a state of tension produced when a person holds two contradictory cognitions or when a person's belief is inconsistent with his/her behavior
Term
postdecison dissonance
Definition
in the theory of cognitive dissonance, tension that occurs when you believe you may have made a bad decision
Term
justification of effort
Definition
the tendency of individuals to increase their liking for something that they have worked hard or suffered to attain; a common form of dissonance reduction
Term
intelligence
Definition
an inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment
Term
g factor
Definition
a general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities and talents
Term
psychometric approach to intelligence
Definition
focuses on how well people perform on standardized aptitude tests, which are designed to measure the ability to acquire skills or knowledge. example - IQ tests
Term
Emotional intelligence
Definition
the ability to identify your own and other people's emotions accurately, express your emotions clearly and manage emotions in yourself and others
Term
narcolepsy
Definition
Sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep
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