Term
|
Definition
| awareness of oneself and the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a periodic, more or less regular fluctuation in a biological system; may or may not have psychological implications |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occur approximately every 24 hours
most common sleep-wake cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hormone regulated by the SCN, secreted by the pineal gland deep within the brain
(dark room melatonin rises, light room melatonin lowers) |
|
|
Term
| Seasonal Affective Disorder |
|
Definition
| A controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the Winter and an improvement of mood in the Spring. Treatment involves phototherapy or exposure to fluorescent light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Women notice depression or irritability when these moods occur premenstrual but overlook times when moods are absent premenstrual. No connection between PMS and behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid eye movement, last for a few minutes to an hour averaging 20 minutes, rapid somewhat irregular similiar to stage 1 and awake cycle, most dreams occur during REM (paradoxical sleep) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke and gasp and momentarily waken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which the synaptic changes associated with recently stored memories become durable and stable, causing memory to become more reliably |
|
|
Term
| Psychoanalytic theory of dreams |
|
Definition
| nighttime fantasies provide insight into desire motives and conflicts of which we are unware, "royal road to unconscious" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes aspects of the dream we consciously experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes unconscious wishers and thoughts symbolized in the dream |
|
|
Term
| Problem-focused approach to dreams |
|
Definition
the symbols and metaphors in a dream do not disguise its true meaning, they convey it
(example George Delaney) |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive approach to dreams |
|
Definition
| dreaming emphasizes current concerns but it makes no claims about problem solving during sleep |
|
|
Term
| Activation-syntesis theory of dreams |
|
Definition
| dreaming results from the cortical synthesis and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain. At the same time, brain regions that handle logical thought and sensation from the external world are shut down. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A procedure in which the practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior of the subject, people can't be forced to do things against their will |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The detection of physical energy emitted or reflected by physical objects, occurs when energy in the external environment or the body stimulates receptors in the sense organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized cells that convert physical energy into electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which stimulation of one sense also evokes another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smallest quantity of physical energy that can be reliably detected by an observer (50% correct) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the smallest difference in stimulation that can be reliably detected by an observer when two stimuli are compared
(Just Noticeable Difference) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a psychophysical theory that divides the detection of a sensory signal into a sensory process and a decision process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reduction or disappearance of sensory responsiveness when stimulation is unchanging or repetitious, prevents us from having to respond continuously to unimportant information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the abscenece of normal levels of sensory stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we look but we do not see, selective attention - the ability to focus on some parts of the environment and block out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neural tissue lining the back of the eyeball's interior containing the receptors for vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visual receptors that respond to dim light (120-125 million) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visual receptors involved in color vision (7-8 million) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some cells in the temporal lobe appear to respond maximally to faces, people with brain damage may continue to recognize faces even after losing the ability to recognize other objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (young helmholtz theory) the first level of processing occurs in the retina, only three colors to repond blue, green, red other colors are just combinations of these three |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the figure stands out from the rest of the environment, lower part of a scene tends to be seen as figure, the upper part as background |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describe strategies used by the visual system to group sensory building blocks into perceptual units. Present form birth or developed in infancy as maturation. Proximity, closure, similarity, continuity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| convergence and retinal disparity, turning of eyes inward, requires the use of two eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cues that do not depend using both eyes, interposition,linear perspective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the mind is fooled, occurs when the strategies that normally lead to accurate perception are overextended to situations
where they do not apply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taste, occurs because chemicals stimulate thousands of receptors in the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smell, receptors are specialized neurons embedded in a tiny patch of mucous membrane in the upper part of the nasal passage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| severe chronic pain that occurs without any sign of injury or disease, pain from an amputated limb or organ that was removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sense of balance, information about bodies as a whole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple visual stimulus can indeed affect your behavior even when you are unaware that you saw for it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to perceive something without ordinary sensory information, has not been scientifically demonstrated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having common properties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| representative or most commonplace of the concept, dog is doggier, fruit is more fruitlike |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visual images, pictures in the mind's eye, a mental representation that resembles what it represents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mental processes occurring outside of conscious awareness but accessible to consciousness when necessary, allow us to handle more information and to peform more complex tasks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mental processes occurring outside of and not available to consciousness, answers pop into your head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when you have acquired knowledge about something without being aware how you did so, and without being able to state exactly what you have learned, speaking native language, walking uo stairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mental inflexibility, inertia, and obliviousness in the present context, keeps people from recognizing when a change in the situation requires a change in behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the drawing of conclusions or inferences from observations, facts, or assumptions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tool of formal logic in which a conclusion necessarily follows from a set of premises. A is true B is true therefore C is definately true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tool of formal logic in which a conclusion probably follows from a set of premises. A is true and B is true therefore C is probably true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rule of thumb that suggests a course of action or guides problems solving but does not guarantee an optimal solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared, with a view to determining the best solution or resolving differences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (critical thinking) seven stages, people make different assumptions about how things are known and use different ways of justifying or defending their beliefs, based on evidence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assume that a correct answer always exists and that it can be obtained directily through the senses or from authorities. brought up to believe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people recognize that some things cannot be known with absolute certainty and they realize that judgments should be supported by reasons, yet they pay attention only to evidence that fits what they already believe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| willing to consider evidence from a variety of sources and to reason dialetically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to judge the probability of an event by how easy it is to think of examples |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known
The "I knew it all along" phenomenon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to pay attention only to information that confirms one's own beliefs, and not pay attention to info that disconfirms your belief |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a state of tension produced when a person holds two contradictory cognitions or when a person's belief is inconsistent with his/her behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the theory of cognitive dissonance, tension that occurs when you believe you may have made a bad decision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency of individuals to increase their liking for something that they have worked hard or suffered to attain; a common form of dissonance reduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities and talents |
|
|
Term
| psychometric approach to intelligence |
|
Definition
| focuses on how well people perform on standardized aptitude tests, which are designed to measure the ability to acquire skills or knowledge. example - IQ tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to identify your own and other people's emotions accurately, express your emotions clearly and manage emotions in yourself and others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep |
|
|
