Term
| how does consciousness fit into psychology |
|
Definition
| 2 components of consciousness: contents and level. they differentiate between doing things consciously and unconsciously. monists and dualists, structuralists (wundt), fucntionalists (james), subconscious (freud) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moment to moment awareness of external and internal worlds; the subjective experience of the world and mental activity; reflectiong on one's current thoughts or surroundings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| percepts of the worlds. hard to study because consciousness is subjective and cant see internal info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| state where a person has sleep/wake cycles; they open their eyes and seem awake, and close their eyes and seem asleep, but dont respond to their surroundings |
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain is cut for split- brain patients |
|
Definition
| corpus collosum which is massive bundle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| see both sides but will grab what saw on the left it goes to the right hemisphere which controls the left hand side of your body and you will grab it with your left hand. With the right hand side it goes to the left hemisphere (controls language) they will see it and tell you they saw it. |
|
|
Term
| how is the left hand side of the brain the interpreter |
|
Definition
| itll try to explain why the left hand grabbed the object that they "saw" on the the left hand side of the page. the left had side will articulate language to explain why they did that |
|
|
Term
| lessons that split brain patients taught us about the brain and conscioiusness |
|
Definition
1. division of labor (localistion of functioning)
2. nonconscious processing
3. mind fills in gaps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ignore what is going on because it is off task |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typing in the information and getting to learn it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "flashdrive" where memories are stored |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three-stage memoery system that involves sensory memory, STM and LTM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unaltered, outside awareness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tone when people could remember all the words better when it rang |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an active processing system that keeps information available so that it can be used for activities such as as problem solving, reasoning, and comprehension. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when you group words or what is asked to be memorized by grouping it into something that its meaningful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encodes auditory info and is active whenever you read, speak, or reapeat words to yourself in order to remember them. (inner voice) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| processes visual information such as an objects' features and where they are located |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Episodic integrates and manipulates information from phonological loop to visuospatial and integrates info about self. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directs overall action and controls focus and attention and integrates info in episodic buffer |
|
|
Term
| what effect does each type of reinforcement have on learning and extinction rates |
|
Definition
| continuous reinforcement is rapid learning which creates rapid extinction. partial reinforcement is slower learning and slower extinction |
|
|
Term
| biological constraints to operant conditioning |
|
Definition
| when animals will not do something because it is innate to them; pigeons pecking keys, raccoons rubbing coins, pigeons flapping wings to escape shock |
|
|
Term
| variable ratio schedule of reinforcement |
|
Definition
| number of times between rewards is an average (slot machin is uncertain) |
|
|
Term
| fixed interval schedule of reinforcement |
|
Definition
| amount of time between rewards is fixed (every 20 minutes have irrespective of number of envelops.) when quizzes are scheduled at fixed intervals students study only when quiz is to be administered |
|
|
Term
| variable interval schedule of reinforcement |
|
Definition
| amount of time between rewards is based on an average (listen to radio and hear fav song but dont know when you will hear it) |
|
|
Term
| bargh chen and burrows study demonstrate about nonconscious effects of behaviors that most people would describe as purposeful |
|
Definition
| much of behavior occurs without our awareness or attention; asked participatns to form senetences from scrambled words and later affected their behavior. form worlds with wrinkles, old and elderly they would walk slower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
classical condition of motivating response (situation (cs) paired with (UCS-UCR) leads to fear (CR)
Operant condition of avoidance response
negative reinforcemnt increases behavior through removal of stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| idea that we observe others to learn general modes of styles of bheavior (how did you learn to face forward in elevator) bobo doll |
|
|
Term
| what body of evidence suggests about relationship between violence in the media and aggressive behaviors |
|
Definition
| body of science strongly indicates that there is a direct relationship |
|
|
Term
| other ways nonconscious processing can influence conscious behavior |
|
Definition
| affect mood, motivation ot perform well, competitveness, speed of walking, aggressivenes upon hearing bad news, perception of others, choosing gun or screwdriver |
|
|
Term
| when can consciously thinking undermine good dfecision making |
|
Definition
| verbal overshadowing- when people have to verbally explain their perceptual experiences that are not easy to describe. for example when participants are compairing different jams they had results very close to expert critics when they did not have to explain themselves later. But those that had to expalin themselves were not close to the expert critics |
|
|
Term
| what methods do researchers use for measuring sleep |
|
Definition
| eye movement, muscle tension, electrical activity in the brain (eeg) and cameras to observe movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, stage 4, REM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delta begins to appear with beta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| almost like beta waves where you are completely conscious. sleep paralysis |
|
|
Term
| theories one why we sleep |
|
Definition
| evolutionary, restoration model, mental consolidation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuronal connections that serve as the basis for new learning is strengthened during sleep |
|
|
Term
| how de we sleep? optic nerve, pineal gland, suprachiasmatic nuclesus |
|
Definition
| tiny structure in the brain called the pineal gland secretes melatonin, a hormone that travels through the bloodstream and affects various receptrs in the body and the brain. the suprachiasmatic nucleus is attached to the optic nerve and the pineal gland, this gland doesnt produce or release melatonin when there's light |
|
|
Term
| major theories of dreams (freud) |
|
Definition
| expressed wishes that were disguiesed and blieved they manifest content is the dream the way the dreamer rememberes it, whereas the latent content is what the dream symbolizes or the material disguised to protect dreamer |
|
|
Term
| theory on dreams (Alan Hobson activation) |
|
Definition
| synthesis theory where random activation from the pons and the amygdala activate visual systems and memory systems and the mind attempts to interpret these random patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social interaction during which a person, responding to suggestions, experiences changes in the memory, perception, and/or voluntary action |
|
|
Term
| are there individual differences in the extent to which you can be hypntoized? what would predict whether you can be hypnotized or not? |
|
Definition
| hyponosis works primarily for people who are highly suggestible, who have tendencies to get absorbed in activites easily and have rich imaginations. If you dislike or find frieghting the idea of being hypnotized you will not be hypnotized easily. A person must go along with the hypnotist's suggestions willingly to become hypnotized |
|
|
Term
| sociocognitive theory of hypnosis? is it largely supported by evidence or not? |
|
Definition
| hypnotized people behave as they expect hypnotized people the behave, even if those expectations are faulty |
|
|
Term
| can hypnosis be used to help patients deal with pain |
|
Definition
| yes theres evidence that indictates it effective in dealing with immediate pain and recovery from surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focus on your mind on one thing such as breathing pattern and mental image or specific phrase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| let thoughts flow freely, paying attention to them but trying not to react with them |
|
|
Term
| relationship between meditation and cognitive processes like attention |
|
Definition
| meditation brings structural changes in the brain that help maintain brain function ove the like span. shows significant improvements in attention and stress reductions and become better at ignoring distractions |
|
|
Term
| psychoactive ingredient in marijuana |
|
Definition
| THC which produces a relaxed mental state, uplifted or content mood and some perceptual and cognitive distortions |
|
|
Term
| how does marijuana affect consciousness |
|
Definition
| perceptions are more vivid and some say it especially effects taste, it produces a relaxed mental state and an uplifted mood |
|
|
Term
| what neurotransmitter do cocaine and crack cocaine affect |
|
Definition
| dopamine neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| what does cocaine to in long term |
|
Definition
| paranoia, psychotic behavior, and violence |
|
|
Term
| neurotransmitters do meth work on and how is it an agonists for this neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
| dopamine. it blocks reuptake of dopamine and increase release of dopamine |
|
|
Term
| neurotransmitter does ecstasy work on? what are the long-term impairments associated wiht long term use |
|
Definition
| associated with less dopamine release and more serotonin release. Long term: memory problems and diminished ability to perform complex tasts, depression when drug wears off |
|
|
Term
| opiates and neurotransmitter it works on |
|
Definition
| heroin, morphine, codeine. it works on opiate receptors and dopamine receptors |
|
|
Term
| problems with alcohol abuse |
|
Definition
| car accidents, violence, unwanted sex and stds |
|
|
Term
| four factors that researchers have studied with respect to alcohol consuption |
|
Definition
| power, sex, risks, responsiblities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory organs responses to external stimuli and the transmission of these responses to the brain (seeing the light turn green) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the processing, organization, and interpretation of sensory signals; it results in an internal representation of stimulus. (brain interprets light turning green as a sign to continue driving) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| states that detcting a stimulus requires making a judgment about its presence of absence, based on a subjective interpretation of ambiguous info |
|
|
Term
| what is hit, miss, false alarm, and correct rejection in signal detection theory? |
|
Definition
| if signal is presented and the observer detects it, the outcome is a hit. If the participant fails to detect the signal the outcome is a miss, if the participant detects a signal that was not presented the outcome is a correct rejection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| referes to participants tendency to report detecting the signal in an ambiguous trail. ex: radiologys not accepting the signal on a cat scan as a brain tumor since treatment is expensive and life threatening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation. (people who live close to airport eventually become less aware of the noise planes make) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vision, eharing, smelling (olfaction), tasting (gestation), touching, and propriception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which sensory receptros produce neural impulses when they receive physcal or chemical stimulation. sensory coding begins with tranduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small point at the back of retine, there are no receptors at this spot because it is where the nerves leave the ey. Is where the retina meets the optic nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptor cell the results in black and white perception. located at the retina's edges none are in the fovea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result in color perception. near the retina's centere and are densely packed with a small region called the fovea |
|
|
Term
| trichromatic theory of how we distinguish different colors |
|
Definition
| 3 cones: short (blue), medium (green), long (red).. the color of ight is determined by the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave that reachs the eye. can imagine a red-yellow but not a red-green |
|
|
Term
| opponnet-process theory of how we distinguish colors |
|
Definition
| is not true. states that cones can fire both opposing colors but not at the same time; so it says it could fire red/green, yellow/blue, and black/white |
|
|
Term
| dual process theory of distinguishing colors and how it differs from opponent-process |
|
Definition
| states that cones are specialized: small, medium, large.. also certain types of gnaglion cells are excited and inhibited by different colores (ganglion is specialized) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| optical illusion which is identical stimuli appear different when presented against different backgrounds. (when color grey looks diff on diffred colored cubes but acutally the same whe nthe backgrounds erased) |
|
|
Term
| funny to say you brain psych instead of you heart psych |
|
Definition
| perception occurs in brain and really do like psych it is because your brain has interpreted signals to send out info that you like psych |
|
|
Term
| gestalt principle of proximity |
|
Definition
| the closer 2 figures are to each other, the more likely we are to group them as as unit |
|
|
Term
| gestalt principle of similarity |
|
Definition
| more similar 2 figures are the more we are likely to group together |
|
|
Term
| gestalt principle of continuation |
|
Definition
| perceive lines as being continuous even if they are interrupted |
|
|
Term
| gestalt principle of closure |
|
Definition
| we complete figures that have gaps |
|
|
Term
| perceptual system is acting as a judge? how is the judge often influenced by "top-down" versus bottom-up |
|
Definition
| perceptual systesm use cues to make conclusions (like a judge) top down processing is when context affects percetion (we saw the Cat and the h and a were the same) |
|
|
Term
| monocular cues help us judge depth and distance (linear perspective) |
|
Definition
| parallel lines appear to converge (rail road tracks) |
|
|
Term
| monocular cues as judge (occlusion) |
|
Definition
| near object occuldes (blocks) an object that is far away |
|
|
Term
| monocular cues acting as judge (familiar size) |
|
Definition
| know how large familiar objects are so we can tell how far away they are by the size of their retinal images |
|
|
Term
| monocular cues as judge (texture gradient) |
|
Definition
| uniformly textured surface retinal image than close objects do |
|
|
Term
| monocular cues help us judge depth and distance ) position relative to horizon |
|
Definition
| all else being equal, objects below the horizon that appear higher in the visual field are perceived as being farther away. objects above the horizon that appear lower in the visual field are perceived as being farther away |
|
|
Term
| brain uses binocular cues to judge depth and distance |
|
Definition
| it is caused by distance between the humans eyes (65mm). because each eye has slightly different view of the world, the brain has access to two diffrent but overlapping retinal images. The brain uses the disparity between these two retinal images to compute distances to nearby objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| participant writes down feelings projected by a pictures and psychologist has to decide the answer; subjective process; rigorous training and you get score based on what words participant uses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extent to which the psychological test measures what it is supposed to be measuring (does test that is testing for depression actually measure level of depression) |
|
|
Term
| content validity? why does good content validity contribute to good construct validity |
|
Definition
| does the test capture all the content of the construct |
|
|
Term
| face valdity? why does good face valdity contribute to good construct validity |
|
Definition
| does the test look like it measures the construct. does the test ask good questions that are applicable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does construct converge with constructs it should converge with. Ex: IQ and SAT scores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does construct diverge from constructs it should diverge with. IQ levels do not correlate with levels of extraversion becuas test should diverge with factors that are not being tested and therefore proves the test is testing what is actually being tested |
|
|
Term
| test makeres concerned about when they say they are concerned about the reliability of their tests |
|
Definition
| with consistency/repeatability they are also concerned wit hteh stavility of the measure (time/situations, items, rater, graders) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| give a test to a person more than once, they should get about the same score |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| within a test, people should respond in a consistent way to all the questions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if you have observers rating the same behavior, their scores should agree with each other |
|
|
Term
| relationship between validity and reliability |
|
Definition
| if test is vailid it is reliable. If a test is reliable it doesnt mean its valid |
|
|
Term
| what are test makers concerned about when they run an item analysis |
|
Definition
| how well the questions contribute to validity of the test |
|
|
Term
| item difficult? how do you measure it for an for answer choices that dont have an objectively correct answer |
|
Definition
| how difficult it is to get the item right; you can measure item difficulty for answer choices that dont have an exact correct answer by measuring the proportion of people who select an answer that points in the direction of the construct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| idea that some sitmuli evoke natural, relfexive responsies (scary movie makes heart beat faster) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unconditioned stimulous, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulous, conditioned response |
|
|
Term
| process of classical conditioning |
|
Definition
| typical Pavlovian experiment, a neutral stimulus unrelated to the reflex is paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a reflex. This paring is repeated a number of times until the neutral stimulus by itself creates a relfexive response because it is associated with a natural stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus (bell is run and no food is there, after a while, the dog will stop associating the ringing of a bell with food, and therefore will not salivate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when sounding the bell willonce again prodeuce the conditioned response of salivation after extincition has occurred; it is temporary process and will fade quickly unless the bell is not paired with the dog food; a single pairing of the bell and food will reestablish the salivating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli but not identical actually produce the conditioned response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar stimuli can be distinguished from one another (only certain tone can train to respond) |
|
|
Term
| second-order conditioning |
|
Definition
| when conditioned stimuli is created becuase of conditioned stimuli (dentist's offic (conditioned stimulus makes you think of the drill (cs) |
|
|
Term
| according behaviorists what is phobia? who do people acquire phobias? how can you cure a phobia based on principles of classical conditioning |
|
Definition
| an exaggerated response acquired through leraning; phobias develop through the generalization of a fear experience. (person stung by a bee develops a fear for all flying insects. to cure phobia repeatedly show cs with nothing or pleasant) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proved phobias can be explained by classical conditioning (when he reached for rat (cs) a loud clanging sound (us) scared him (ur) eventually pairing the rat with the clanging sound led to the rat producing fear on its own... this proved calssical conditioning can cause participants to fear neutral objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| idea that it is easier to condition a fear of naturally fear-inducing objects (monkies fear snakes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when people associate a certain food with ceoming ill... garcia showed that when animals receive amounts of poison in their food that meks them ill they quickly learn to avoid the tastes or smells associated with the food |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean that classical conditioning is a relatively passive form of learning, especially compared to operant conditioning |
|
Definition
| example when you see a girl on a poster that is a "hottie" you get an emotional response every time you drin kthe beer she was holding, you arent going to go buy the beer that very second; therefore it is a passive form of learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases the probability that a bheavior will be repeated, sometimes involves reward (mouse gets food after he pushes lever) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreases the behavior's probabilit through the administration of stimulus (rat gets shocked for pulling lever) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases behavior through the removal of stimulus (when rat presses lever, and it turns off the shock) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreases the behavior's probablity through the removal of a pleasurable stimulus (rat presses lever and removes food) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| looking for responses based on researcher pairing something natural with something unnatural to get a certain response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when you learn from a relation between a bhavior and its consequence, more of a cause and effect idea. when behavior leads to good things, it will most likely occur again and when behavior leads to bading this it probably wont. (cat pushes lever he gets food) |
|
|
Term
| fixed ration schedule of reinforcement |
|
Definition
| number of times between rewards (5 dollars for every 2 stuffed evnelops you are paid each time yo ucomplte a choir |
|
|
Term
| what does research suggest about the use of cues by people who grew up in a carpentered vers uncarpentered worlds |
|
Definition
| people who have grown up in uncarpented worlds and who have had little experience with 2D representation of the world will most likely perceive the two lines in the Mueller Lyer illusion as being the same lengths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plays with depth cues to create size illusions. He made a diagonally cut room appear rectangular by using crooked windows and floor tiles |
|
|
Term
| what cues is the perception system using to create the illusion that children in the Ames room are of extraordinary heights |
|
Definition
| when one child stands in a near corner and another of similar height stands in a far corner, the room creates the illusion that they are equidistant from the viewer and the child closer looks like a giant compared to the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two horizontal lines appear to be different sizes but are the same length because of the two converging lines on both sides |
|
|
Term
| horizontal/vertical illusion |
|
Definition
| horizontal lines appear to be shorter than vertical lines |
|
|
Term
| VS ramachandran help patients who suffered from phantom limb pain |
|
Definition
| idea to use a mirror to trick the mind into thinking the limb was there and movin. the patient would go through a sort of therapy to relieve the by by watching the other limb in the mirror. and this limb looked like it was the other one actually moving |
|
|
Term
| goal of psychological testing |
|
Definition
| methods for mearusing psychological constructs |
|
|
Term
| what are intelligence tests |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what a participant is interested in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what the participant has accomplished |
|
|
Term
| Porshek Tests? how are the projective? how have the creatores attempted to combat problems with subjectivity |
|
Definition
| ink blot... what do you see.. the person who is participating projects what they are felling, psychologists interpret what they say |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptor cells-> medulla-> thalamus-> coretex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nasal passage-> olfactory epithelium (straight to the brain through the thalamus.
Close to amygdala (emotion and memories) and prefrontal crotex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptor cells-> thalamus-> somatosensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| path hearing goes through |
|
Definition
| ear canal-> eardrum-> osicles-> bones connected to choclea |
|
|
Term
| path sight travels through |
|
Definition
| retina-> optic nerve->occipital love |
|
|
Term
| gate-control theory of pain |
|
Definition
| stop pain signals by sending other, distracting signals |
|
|
Term
| loudness is calculated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporal coding: hair cells fire at same rate of pitch. the fluid waves in your ear peaks earlierwhen its a high pitch. when its a low bitch the fluid waves peak later |
|
|
