Selection

Organization

Interpretation 

Perception

Adaptive process of organizing sensory information

Sensation 

Process by which the nervous system and sensory receptors receive information from the outside world 

State of consciousness 

Selective attentions to current perceptions, thoght andd feelings may be altered by daydreams, sleep,meditation, and psychoactive drugs  

Characteristics of Altered State of Consciousness 

• Cognition- shallow, careless or uncritical

• Change in self perception and perception of the world

• Normal inhibitions weaken or disappear 

Circadian Rhythm 

Cycle of regular body activity

A natururally occuring 24-hour cycle 

Electrooculograph (EEG)

A device used to record electrical activity in the brain 

Hans Berger

He is known as the first to record electroencephalograms from human subjects and is the discoverer of the rhythmic Alpha brain waves.

Stages of Sleep

Stage O

Quiet Sleep 

Stage O 

Awake, but relaxed State

Alpha Waves:Rhythmic and slow brain waves  

Quiet Sleep 

• Slow, deep breathing, calm reduced heartbeat and blood pressure

• Stage 1 sleep
•  Stage 2 sleep- sleep spindles(burts of activity neurons)
• Stage 3 sleep waves are large and slow
• Stage 4 sleep- deepest level of sleep
•         Delta Waves

Rapid Eye Movement  (REM) or active sleep

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement and a high level of brain activity 

If deprived of REM sleep... 

go right into REM skipping other stages

sleep can't solve problems, become irritable

Paradoxical Sleep 

Paradoxical because subjects act like they are awake

Majority of dreaming occurs during REM sleep 

Average nights sleep 

Travel up and down stages 4-6 times

Each cycle take about 90 minutes 

Sleep Disporders 

Insomnia

Hypersomnia

Narcolepsy

Sleep Apnea

Night Terrors

Somnambulism 

Insomnia  

inability to sleep and fatigue from sleep deprivation 

Hypersomnia 

Fatigue despite greater than average sleeping habits  

Narcolepsy 

Abrupt shift from active waking state to several minutes of REM sleep 

Sleep Apnea 

Choking and gasping for breath disrupts sleep 

Night terrors 

Horrific dreams, may be biological, may be stressed related  

Somnambulism 

Condition of sleep involving motor activity (sleep walking) 

Lucid Dreaming 

Awareness that a dram is a dream while it is happening 

Sensation 

Simple awareness due to the stimulation of a sense organ 

perception 

The organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation  

Cones 

Photoreceptors in the eye that detect color, operate under normal daylight conditions and allow us to focuse on fine detail 

It is easy for us to tell who is on which team at a football game because of the Gestalt principle of...

Similarity 

Area VI, the primary visual cortex, contains neurons that are specialized for encoding edge orientation; it is located in which lobe of the brain 

occipital 

Photoreceptors that become active only under low-light conditions are called... 

Rods 

From the inner ear, action potentials in the auditory nerve travel to which structur in the brain? 

Thalamus 

When the perceptual experience of one sense is evoked by another sense, this is called... 

Synesthesia 

The structure in the inner ear that undulates when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid is the... 

Basilar membrane 

Drugs classified as opiates are extremely addictive because they are closely related to neurotransmitters called.... 

Endorphins or Endogenous Opiates 

If an addict abruptly ceases using a drug, pain, convulsions, hallucinations, and other unpleasant symptoms may result. These symptoms would indicate... 

Physical Dependence 

While walking to the bar, joe brags that he becomes dominating and aggressive when he drinks. After 7 or 8 beers, joe starts acting aggressivelt and atagonizing other. This is an example of... 

Expectancy Theory 

Caffeiene, cocaine, and amphetamines are all classified as... 

Stimulants 

Depressants are defined as  

Substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system 

The type of drugs that prosuce the most extreme alterations of consciousness are known as... 

hallucinogens 

Give an example of drug tolerance 

Larger doses of a drug are rewuired to achieve the same effect

Ex. heavy partiers find that they need more drinks to get as drunk as they used to 

psychoactive drugs are defined as... 

A chemical that influences consciousness or behavior by altering the brain's chemical messanger 

Joe has smoked pit every day since his frshman year. One day he stopped smokeing and found himself becoming anxious, unable to focus, and worrying about insignificant things. this is an example of... 

Psychological dependence 

What is alcohol myopia? 

A condition that results when alcohol hampers attention, leading to people to respond in simple ways to complex situations  

The goal of hypnotic analgesia is to use hypnosis to reduce what? 

Pain 

What is the order of sleep stages as they normally occur throughout the night? 

Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, Stage 4, Stage 3, Stage 2, Stage 1, REM 

What happens to the average amount of time a person spends in REM sleep as they age? 

Average amount of REM sleep decreases as a person ages  

Define insomnia  

An inability to sleep and fatigue from sleep deprivation 

The condition in which choking and gasping for breath disrupts sleep is called... 

Sleep Apnea  

What is the name for a dream's apparant topic or superficial meaning?

It's true, underlying meaning?

manifest content: Latent content  

What is lucid dreaming 

Awareness that a dream is a dream while it is happening 

The degree to which people comply with hypnotic suggestion is called... 

Susceptibility  

The brain wave patterns of sleep spindles and K-complex's would most likely be seen in which stage of sleep 

Stage 2 

The theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of activations randomly occurring during sleep is known as.. 

Activation-synthesis Model 

The longest stage of prenatal development is.. 

The fetal stage 

how would you know if a child underatands the principle of conversation 

When a child understands that there is the same amount of water, whether it is in a tall beaker or a short, fat beaker 

As they develop, children develop theories about, or models of, the way the world works. these are called...

Schemas 

Whn infants apply their schemas in novel situations, they are engaing in.. 

Assimilation 

What does it mean when a child has developed a theory of mind? 

They have come to undertand that deifferent people understand the world in different ways 

What are the four atages of cognitive development theorized by Piaget 

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational. Formal operational 

object permanace and egocentrism are two benchmarks of which stage of development?

Preoperational stage 

In Harry Harlow's monkey studies, which of the two artificial caregivers did the baby monkeys always prefer

The cloth or wire mother? 

The cloth mother 

The process by which infants revise their scheas in light of new information is known as... 

Accommodation 

Schema's characterized by elaboraye logic and hypothetical thinking are indications of which stage of cognitive development?

Formal Operational Stage 

Sensorimotor Stage (birth-2yrs)

 Schematic stage based on sensory impressions and motor activities

Central Assumptions of Piaget's Model 

Children are born with schemas (strategies for interacting with environment)

Schemas change as child explores world 

Acid/LSD 

Hallucinogen

detached from ego, mixed senses, change in mood, heightened sense, sound, taste, touch 

No physical dependence 

Alcohol 

Depressant  

Cocaine  

Stimulant

Produce exileration, paranoia, nausea, vomiting

addiciton, loss of appetite  

depression  

Marijuana 

Depressant  

PCP 

Dissociative/ anesthetic

addictive, physical dependence  

Nicotine 

Stimulant 

Heroin 

Narcotics/Opiate  

Ecstasy  

Stimulant 

Meth 

Stimulant  

Steriods    

Taxanomical 

Phenomenology  

How things seem to the conscious person 

Cognitive unconscious 

The mental process that give us rise to the person's thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person 

Subliminal Perception 

A thought or behavior that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving 

Manifest Content 

A dream's apparent topic or superficial meaning  

Latent Content  

A dream's true underlying meaning 

Activation- Synthesis Model 

The theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of activations that occur randomly during sleep 

Psychoactive Drug 

A chemical that influences consciousness or behavior by altering the brain's chemical message system

Depressants  

Substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system 

Alcohol Myopia  

A condition that results when alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations 

Stimulants 

Substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels 

Narcotics/Opiates 

Highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain 

Endorphins

neurotransmitters that have a similar structure to opiates and that appear to play a role in how the brain copes internally with pain and stress 

Hallucinogens 

Drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations 

preoperational Stage (2-6 years) 

Prelogical stage based on language mastery 

Operational Permanence

(Preoperational Stage) 

Awareness that objects exist even when not perceived  

Egocentrism

(Preoperational Stage) 

Thinking that is centered exclusively around the self  

Concrete Operational Stage (6-11 yrs)

Operations 

Manipulation of logic 

Concrete Operational Stage

Conservation Tasks 

Asses understanding that substances remain the same even after physical tranformation

conservation of volume, liquid, matter area 

Formal Operational Stage 

12-adult 

Schema characterized by elaborate logic and hypothetical thinking  

Harry Harlow 

performed experiments with primates to see if they preffered cloth or wire "mothers" more 

Lawrence Kohlberg 

 Inspired by Piaget.  Set out to develop 3 stages of development, heavily criticized, used anecdotal method, tell stories to subjects, ask them to judge moral character, concluded there were 3 stages of development. ) Go through experiences, once you’ve mastered them you move onto next stage

Preconventional Level 

Primitive morality based on avoiding punishment and gaining reward  

Conventional level 

Morality based on avoiding social dishonor and gaining approval--> social duty 

Postconventional Level 

Morality based on belief in social rigth and personal ethics. 

Rosa Park, Martin luther King 

Critique of Kohlberg's Theory 

Actual Moral Behavior vs, opionion attitude

Cultural bias

 Gender Bias

Erik Erikson 

Admirer of Freud, thought he put too much emphasis on sexuality. every stage of development there is a crisis, if you do a good job you move onto the next stage with a healthy ego. Stage theory longer 

Erikson's stages

Adolescence 

 12-18 yrs

Identity vs. role confusion

Key Event: Peer relationships  

Adolescent develops a sense of self in relationships to others and to own internal thoughts and desires 

Erikson's Stages

Young adulthood 

 19-40 yrs

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Key Event: Love relationships

Person develops ability to give and receive love; begins to make long term commitment and relationships  

Erikson's Stages

Middle Adulthood 

 40-65 yrs

 Generativity vs. stagnation

Key Event: Parenting 

Person develops interest in guiding the development of the next generation

Task of infancy 

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (one year)

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (two years) 

Task of Childhood 

Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 yrs)

Industry vs. Inferiority (6 yr- puberty) 

Task of Adolenscence  

Identity vs. Role Confusion

 Erikson went through huge identity crise because he found out his dad wasnt really his dad

 Identity Crisis

Task of Adulthood  

Initmacy vs. Isolation (20-40 yrs)

Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 yrs)

Ego integrity vs. Despair (66- up) 

Retina

Light-Sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball 

Accomodation 

The process by which the eye maintains a clear image on the retina  

Cones 

Photoreceptors that detect color, operate under normal daylight conditions, and allow us to focus on fine detail 

Rods 

Photoreceptors that become active only under low-light conditions for night vision 

Fovea 

An area of the retina where vision is the clearest and there are no rods at all

Receptive Field 

The region of the sensory surface that, when stimulated, causes a change in the firing rate of that neuron 

Cornea  

the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, and as a result helps the eye to focus

Pupil 

Controls the amount of light coming into the eye 

Cochlea 

A fluid-filled tube that is the organ of auditory transduction 

basilar Membrane 

A structure in the inner ear that undulates when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid  

Area A1 

A portion of the temporal lobe that contains the primary auditory cortex

Pinna  

Visible part of the ear that collects the sound 

Cochlea

 The cochlea is filled with a watery liquid, which moves in response to the vibrations coming from the middle ear via the oval window. As the fluid moves, thousands of "hair cells" are set in motion, and convert that motion to electrical signals that are communicated via neurotransmitters to many thousands of nerve cells