Term
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Definition
| Apprehension that you feel about an object or a future event. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reaction that you have to a very specific imminent threat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phobias are phobias which are linked to specific individual "triggers" (items or events). |
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Term
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Definition
| A phobia with many potential triggers. Ex. Agoraphobia |
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Term
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Definition
| A fear reaction that is out of proportion to the level of the threat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unrealistic fear reactions to social situations that is persistent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exemplified by frequent panic attacks. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sudden attack of intense apprehension, terror, and impending doom, accompanied by symptoms such as labored breathing, nausea, chest pain, feelings of choking and smothering, heart palpitations, dizziness, sweating, and trembling. |
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Term
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
(GAD) |
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Definition
Used to be known as "Free-floating anxiety disorder."
People that are bothered and anxious but they don't know why.
Bad for patient, but also bad for friends and family. It causes frustration for everyone.
Almost always have to be treated with drugs.
More often than not this is caused by a brain chemistry problem.
Harder to treat than specific phobias. |
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Term
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder in which the mind is flooded with persistent and uncontrollable thoughts or the individual is compelled to repeat certain acts again and again, causing significant distress and interference with everyday functioning. |
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Term
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
PTSD involves an extreme response to some sort of traumatic situation. Often, the response persists for months, years, following the event. Individual exhibiting the symptoms may report increased anxiety, heart rate, and blood pressure.
The patient will tend to avoid stimuli that they have linked in their minds with the trauma provoking event.
People in the midst of an episode may feel that they are back dealing with the event that caused it.
An individual will have incredibly vivid, detailed, rich, dreams where they feel that they are back in the situation. |
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Term
Acute Stress Disorder
(ASD) |
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Definition
| Similar symptoms to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, but they do not persist as long. ie a period of weeks or months. |
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Term
| Generally, treatment for all anxiety disorders involve what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Largest class of drug used to treat anxiety conditions. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| One of the first drug regimens to treat anxiety. Valium is highly addictive, and it only dulls the senses to the point to where they won't suffer from depression. It doesn't change their brain chemistry. |
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Term
SSRI
(serotonin reuptake inhibitors) |
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Definition
| An anxiety medication. a class of antidepressant designed to act on the neurotransmitter serotonin. It prevents the serotonin to be sucked back up into the cells. This allows more serotonin to sit there and be noticed by the receptor sites. SSRI work very well for some people, but not everybody with anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anxiety medication. One that is prescribed more often is Xanex. Some people are hesitant to prescribe Xanex. It is easy for the patient to take too much or not enough. If someone takes too much, they experience retarded speech and slow thought. |
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Term
| Paradigm often used to treat phobias |
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Definition
| Cognitive-Behavioral Paradigm |
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Term
| Systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| A type of cognitive-behavioral exposure treatment for phobias. Gradually step up the level of exposure to the fear-provoking stimulus. Ex. Snakes. Start with imagining a snake, still photographs of snakes, nature shows about snakes, eventually to real snakes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cognitive-behavioral exposure therapy for treating phobias. In flooding, you expose the patient to a high level of the fear-provoking stimulus. |
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Term
| The number one key component to treating panic disorder |
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Definition
| Restoring a sense of control. |
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Term
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Definition
Combination of antidepressants and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
The basic premise behind a cognitive behavioral approach is people are acting the way they are because of learned associations. If we change the associations, we can change the problems that result. May not prevent worry, but change the way they react to the worry they feel. You cannot change them one trigger at a time, because there are too many triggers. You change the general way they deal with them. Help teach them that worrying does not help the problem. Don't look at someone with GAD and say "stop worrying." Instead, say "rather than worry and worry, what if you were to try doing something else?" strategies. Pinpoint what they're thinking about, then address what they're thinking about. This LESSENS the free-floating anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| In most cases, you will use combo of medicinal treatment and behavioral therapy |
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Term
| Medicinal Treatment of OCD |
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Definition
| Antidepressants have shown to be effective, especially seratonin reuptake inhibitors. |
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Term
| Psychological treatment of OCD |
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Definition
The ritualistic behavior is a learned association between their obsessive thoughts. One therapeutic approach is designed to break down this learned association.
You allow them to be exposed to whatever their obsession stimulus is without allowing them to engage in the compulsion. This creates stress, and the therapist can talk them through it.
Give them something productive to form a new association with.
Over time, two results.
1. Create a new association so they don't feel the need to act out the compulsion
2. Get rid of the obsession. |
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Term
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Definition
Exposure phase. You have to expose them to whatever is producing the symptoms. In most cases, it is impossible or inadvisable to expose them to the actual trigger event. Therefore, you have them imagine whatever provokes the stress in a safe and controlled environment. OR you can put them in an environment that LOOKS like the traumatic effect.
You have to give the patient a sense of mastery over whatever it is that caused the trauma. "I'm in control. The traumatic event doesn't rule me, I rule it. I can shut it off." |
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Term
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Definition
Psychological problems taking on a physical form or physical symptomology.
You must deal with the psychological problems to treat the physical ones.
Patients generally first go to a general practitioner. Sometimes then go to a specialist MD. When the MD can't find anything physically wrong, they may be referred to a psychologist. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which psychological factors play a serious role in the severity, onset, and persistence of reported physical pain. 99.9% of the time, the individual does not know that the problem is caused by something psychological. The pain can be severe enough to be debilitating. They may not be able to go to work, school, etc. If the pain is treated with painkillers, it may lead to addiction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorders in which fear or tension is overriding and the primary disturbance; include phobic disorders, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, acute stress disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fear of being in crowded or open places. Anxiety about situations in which it would be embarrassing or difficult to escape if panic symptoms occurred; most commonly diagnosed in some individuals with panic disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| The O in OCD. Thoughts or thought patters that recur and are unbidden. |
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Term
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Definition
| The C in OCD. Repeated behaviors. Oftentimes a person will perform a behavior compulsively and ritualistically to deal with an obsession. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of brain structures, including the amygdala, that tend to be activated when the individual is feeling anxious or fearful; especially active among people with anxiety disorders. |
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Term
| Are anxiety disorders more common among men or women? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Preoccupied with a perceived physical deficit in their appearance.
They will stand and look at the perceived problem in the mirror for hours at a time.
Tend to focus on ONE feature. |
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Term
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Definition
Have a preoccupation that they have a serious medical condition.
They consistently misinterpret minor physical problems as indications of a serious medical problem.
Limbs falling asleep, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| A somatoform disorder in which the person continually seeks medical help for recurring and multiple physical symptoms that have no discoverable physical cause, despite a complicated medical history that is dramatically presented. |
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Term
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Definition
| A somatoform disorder in which sensory or motor function are impaired, even though there is not detectable neurological explanation for the deficits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disordersin which the normal integration of consciousness, memory, or identity is suddenly and temporarily altered; include dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociateive identity disorder (multiple personality), and depersonalization disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dissociative disorder in which the person suddenly becomes unable to recall important personal information to an extent that cannot be explained by ordinary forgetfulness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder in which the person experiences total amnesia, moves, and establishes a new identity. |
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Term
| Depersonalization Disorder |
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Definition
| A dissociative disorder in which the individual feels unreal and estranged from the self and surroundings enough to disrupt functioning. People with this disorder may feel that their extremities have changed in size or that they are watching themselves from a distance. |
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Term
Dissociative Identity Disorder
(DID) |
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Definition
| A rare dissociative disorder (formerly called multiple personality disorder) in which two or more fairly distinct and separate personalities are present within the same individual, each with his or her own memories, relationships, and behavior patters, with only one of them dominant at any given time. |
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Term
| When did it first become common to believe that stress is related to health? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Interested in all the psychological and bio-psychological factors that go into an individual leading a healthy, productive life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed the first major theory of how stress works. He called it "General Adaptation Syndrome." |
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Term
| General Adaptation Syndrome |
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Definition
| The first stage of the syndrome is called the "Alarm" stage. During this first stage, the organism encounters the stressor and has its initial reaction to the stressor. The second stage is the "resistance stage." Physiologically, your body is prepared for action. Fight or flight kicks in. An organism can persist for some time in stage two. At some point, you hit stage three, the exhaustion phase. The exhaustion phase is healthy and normal. Designed to return your body to normal biological levels. When stage three kicks in, if you have successfully dealt with the stressor, then you rest and recover. If you haven't, you try to rest, but you can't. If you don't successfully deal with the stressor, at some point the exhaustion phase will kill the organism. |
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Term
| Structural support systems |
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Definition
| Constructs which societally, we expect will offer support. Like family, church/religious belief, etc. |
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Term
| functional support system |
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Definition
| A system you can draw on for support that isn't particularly traditionally built into society. For example, your close circle of friends. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anger in and of itself is not bad. For years, people have been told that it is best to not keep things bottled up. "Express your anger." However, this does not help very much and may damage your health. Many negative physiological reactions happen. Your blood pressure goes up. Your heart rate increases. These can be dangerous if you already have risk factors. Instead, you should calmly express that you are angry and why, and talk about it after you calm down. Or, channel your anger into other activities, such as exercise. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type A people are very driven, more easily frustrated, high need for success/achievement, get angry faster, much more likely to spend more of their time expressing anger. They also plug into unhealthy coping mechanisms to deal with their anger. Smoking, alcohol, caffeine, etc. There are good and bad things about Type A personalities. Being driven, etc, are good. But there are health risks. |
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Term
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Definition
| More laid back, slower to anger, slower to react, more even-keeled temperament, not as driven. |
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Term
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Definition
| Periodic pain that occurs in the chest, sometimes the lower back. It usually comes about because there are periods of time where the heart is not getting enough blood and oxygen. Not enough to induce a full-blown attack. Chronic, systematic ebb and flow to the amount of oxygen the heart is given. Angina is treatable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heart Attack. the leading cause of death in the US today. "Silent Killer." Over a lifetime, you make choices that are bad for your heart. Cause buildup of fat along the arterial walls. |
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Term
| How is stress related to heart attacks? |
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Definition
| Stress causes elevated blood pressure and heart rate. It can be a precipitating event for a heart attack. |
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Term
| How is stress related to Asthma? |
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Definition
| Stress can trigger asthma attacks. One of the symptoms of stress is increased respiration. Reducing stress and dealing with stress better will not cure Asthma, but it will make you have much fewer attacks. |
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Term
| How is stress related to AIDS? |
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Definition
| Both lower the effectiveness of your immune system. If a carrier of the virus is exposed to high stress, it may trigger full-blown AIDS. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of stress management. Change how you react to the stimuli around you. Fewer big, over the top reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of stress management. Changing how you deal with stress. Change the way you think about the stuff you deal with in your life ultimately effects how you react to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of stress management. When you have been dealing with stress for a long time, there are often triggers in your environment that you associate with stress. Put yourself in a new environment, and there will be less triggers and you will deal with stress less often. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of stress management. Arm you or equip you with a bunch of different skills. The more different things that you can do, the more effectively you can deal with situations that provoke stress because you won't feel overwhelmed as often. |
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Term
| Psychophysiological Disorders |
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Definition
| Disorders with physical symptoms that may involve actual tissue damage, usually in one organ system, which are produced in part by continued mobilization of the autonomic nervous system under stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| How people tr to deal with problems, in particular the typically negative emotions elicited by stress, gererally includes problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidance actions and efforts. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves taking direct action to solve the problem or seeking information that will be relevant to the solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves efforts to reduce the negative emotional reactions to stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| The physiological burden of high levels of stress hormones such as cortisol; may lead to disease susceptibility because of altered immune system functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychophysiological disorder characterized by high blood pressure that cannot be traced to an organic cause; over time causes degeneration of small arteries, enlargement of heard, and kidney damage. |
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Term
| Two subtypes of depression |
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Definition
| Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Chronic Depression |
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Term
| Major depressive disorder |
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Definition
Approximately 98% of depression cases fall under this heading. Traumatic/stressful life events, leads to depressive episode, patient works through the episode, and is able to function normally. Example triggers: Death of a child, death of a spouse.
Considered an episodic disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-3% of depression cases in this country. Not an episodic condition. They will deal with the symptoms of depression as part of their daily existence. Generally, individuals with chronic depression have to go on medication. They will have to learn coping mechanisms. |
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Term
| Common symptoms of depression |
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Definition
| Loss of appetite, loss of interest in activities that used to hold interest (no longer enjoy activities that used to be fun), altered sleep patterns, loss of interest of social activity, less ability to get along with people. |
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Term
| Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder |
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Definition
| Part of the time when you have a patient with bipolar disorder, they will exhibit symptoms of depression. But rather than merely experiencing depressive systems, the individual seems to go back and forth between a depressive state and a manic state. Mania is characterized by heightened energy, feelings of clarity of thinking, may feel like they've had a sudden burst of insight, found the secret to one of life's philosophical problems, often feel like they don't require sleep. During a manic phase, adult bipolar patients are often hypersexual. More likely to engage in risky behaviors. The bipolar patient cycles back and forth between this depressive state and this manic state. Individual differ with the speed that they cycle between the two poles. Some are called rapid cyclers. Most commonly, an individual may be in a depressive state for some period of weeks or a month, and then in a manic phase for a period of weeks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bipolar I is typically characterized by recurring manic episodes and recurring depressive episodes over the course of an individual's life. Of the patients that are diagnosed with bipolar I, approximately half of them have four or more episodes over their lifetime. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bipolar II is generally considered to be a milder form. An individual diagnosed with bipolar II has experienced both a manic episode and a depressive episode, but they don’t have the recurrence characterized by bipolar I. |
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Term
| Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) |
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Definition
| Individuals typically have depressive symptoms about the same time of year. Most people have them during winter. The #1 treatment is light therapy. This can simply involve brightening up the room. SAD is more common in areas where you experience prolonged periods of darkness. Areas with really short days. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when an individual experiences symptoms of depression following childbirth. Reasons: feelings of responsibility, hormonal changes, having attention shifted from parent to child. Most women that have children do not have postpartum depression. But those that do have Postpartum depression, it can be particularly nasty in that it can hang on for a while. Start showing symptoms within 4 weeks of the birth. |
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Term
| Dopamergenic antidepressants |
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Definition
| Antidepressants that act on dopamine receptor sites. |
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Term
| SSRI's (Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors) |
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Definition
| Antidepressants designed to impact how receptor sites that work with seratonin deal with it. They increase the amount of seratonin that’s floating around because you are preventing the receptor sites from sucking it back up. |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic Perspective on Mood Disorders |
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Definition
| Mood disorders represent on a surface level unconscious conflicts. Problems that the individual cannot deal with have a latent or surface form. These conditions are really symptoms of other conflicts. The patients is depressed because they are conflicted somehow internally. Will advocate psychodynamic therapy. The positive of this is that if you work with a patient long enough, you really can bring some things to the surface. The negative is that this is a long, slow, drawn-out process. |
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Term
| Cognitive perspective on mood disorders |
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Definition
| Basic premise behind the cognitive perspective with mood disorders is that individuals with mood disorders are more prone to thinking about the world around them in a negative fashion. A Schema is a mode of thinking--a way of organizing our world at the cognitive level. Those individuals who are more prone to relying on negative schemas are more likely to have to deal with things like depression and bipolar disorder. You must change the way the individuals think on a global level. Cynics tend to view the world more negatively. The more cynical you are, the more likely you'll have to deal with a mood condition. |
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Term
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Definition
| did the most with mood disorders in the cognitive perspective. Invented the Beck Depression Index (BDI). |
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Term
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Definition
| A mode of thinking--a way of organizing our world at the cognitive level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depressive symptoms that last for at least 2 years but do not meet criteria for the diagnosis of major depressive disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intense elation or irritability, accompanied by symptoms such as excessive talkativeness, rapid thoughts, dis tractability, grandiose plans, heightened activity, and insensitivity to the negative consequences of actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of bipolar disorder characterized by swings between elation and depression over at least a 2-year period, but with moods not so severe as manic or major depressive episodes. |
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