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| an organized group that tries to influence public policy |
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| a group with the primary purpose of promoting the financial interests of its members |
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| an organization that seeks a collective good that will not selectively and materially benefit group members |
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| Governments as Interest Groups |
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| Multi- vs. single-issue groups |
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| interest groups form to counteract other interest groups |
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| formed to bear Costs of Organization |
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| Collective Action Problem |
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people working together towards a specific goal
involves selective incentive |
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| Purposive (Expressive) Incentive |
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| lobbyists provide to candidates to take specific stance |
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| form of pressure-group activity that attempts to involve individuals who contact their representatives directly in an effort to affect policy |
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| Inside vs. outside Strategy |
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inside is when you lobby to someone in congress for example
outside is the same as grassroots; change people's mind |
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| a person who finances a group or individual activity |
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1970s reforms limited the effect of money in politics (FECA) - $5000 for PACs, $1000 per individual, per election
- With contributions in relatively small denominations, no one can "buy" a great deal of influence
- Does Money buy votes, or do votes get money?
- Legislation allowing concealed weapons without permit
- NRA wants to buy votes
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Money helps you get access
Money does not buy general influence |
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| a member of congress retires and then becomes a lobbyist because former congress members get floor time others do not |
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Give to whoever is there and try to buy their votes
Evidence: money goes to incumbents (or to both in close races), but this only shows they are trying to buy votes, not that they are succeeding |
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Give to people who share your views so that more people who share your views get elected
Evidence: Ideological groups give to people they agree with who are competitive (don't waste money on sure losers) |
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Federal Election Campaign Act
limits the financing of campaigns for federal elections |
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| modified FICA; upheld contributions from people/organizations, but can only raise money in small incriments |
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| an organized effort by office holders, candidates, activists, and voters to pursue their common interests by gaining and exercising power through the electoral process |
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part of the first party system
same as Democrats of today |
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| part of first party system |
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part of second party system
from Jefferson |
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| Whigs (opponents of Jackson) |
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part of second party system
Opposed Jackson |
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civil war/slavery
Jefferson |
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| further government initiatives |
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| an election that signals a party realignment through voter polarization around new issues |
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| to vote for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election |
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| a party conclave (meeting) held in the presidential election year for the purpose of nominating a presidential and vice presidential ticket and adopting a platform |
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- Governing Body
- Headed by National Chairman
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| Congressional Campaign Committee |
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| Focus on getting party members elected |
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selected by the president come to their posts at time of crisis when a leadership vacuum exists |
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| delegate slot to the democratic party's national convention that is reserved for an elected party official |
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| party organization that offers tangible incentives to get people to serve the party |
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Pursue specific Ideological Goals Electoral sucess is not key to sucess |
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Plurality leads to two-party systems, others tend toward multi-party systems Ex: Germany |
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| Plurality system (or winner-takes all) |
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| an electoral system in which the party that receives at least one more vote than any other party wins the election |
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| Proportional Representation |
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| a voting system that apportions legislative seats according to the percentage of the vote won by a particular political party |
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Ideological parties: green, reform, socialist, communist, libertarian Factional party: "bull moose" progressive party (rep.), "Dixiecrats" (dem) Single issue party: Prohibition party, woman's party |
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| Many run and then the top 2 winners run for the election |
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| Presidential Nomination Process |
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| election in which voters decide which of the candidates within a party will represent the party in the general election |
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| can vote in any election no matter how you are registered |
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| just like closed but additional subset of voters are allowed to vote, ex: independents can vote as well. Or newly registered voters |
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| only chosen registered voters can vote |
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| all of the candidates regardless of party and you vote for each office |
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Newspapers run by politicians and parties
Circulated among elites who could afford them
Government support |
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Printing press
News wires (AP)
Some bias present, but reflected editors
"Yellow Journalism" and sensationalism |
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Countered yellow journalism
Nationalized the Media |
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Radio (1920s)
Television (1940s)
Direct communication for politicians
Cost of newspaper is less, though
Novel, staged events for coverage
"Soft" news/entertainment news |
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| Decides what becomes news |
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Follow national reputations of candidates
Declare winners and losers at different points |
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Scrutinize public figures of policies
Ex: Watergate, Clinton |
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| Confidentiality of Sources |
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| can be violated in support of a criminal trial |
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| New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964) |
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| the supreme court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure |
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| government attempts to regulate the substance of the mass media |
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| the rule that requires broadcast stations to sell air time equally to all candidates in a political campaign if they choose to sell it to any |
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| attacks on a broadcast; other gets to replies |
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| Political editorializing rule |
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| Opportunity to reply to endorsement |
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rule in effect from 1949 to 1985 requiring broadcasters to cover events adequately and to present contrasting views on important public issues
Opportunity to respond to controversial issues
no longer a law |
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requires "clear evidence" that paper knew it was false
Knew false and done with malicious intent
ex: NYT vs. Sullivan |
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| the constant process of forming the list of issued to be addressed by government |
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| the process by which a news organization defines a political issue and consequently affects opinion about the issue |
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| targeting media programming at specific populations within society |
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| a form of journalism, in vogue in the early 20th century, concerned with reforming government and business conduct |
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| an electronic delivery of news gathered by the news service's correspondents and sent to all member news media organizations |
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number of votes cast voting age population or numer of votes cast eligible+noncitizens |
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easing this may increase turnout ways: - motor voter law
- increase education
- internet/phone/mail voting
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Capacity to understand and influence political events
Internal: ability to understand and take part in system
External: ability to make the system respond |
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| if your grandfather voted, you can vote; regardless of literacy and poll tax |
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| only white candidates and white voters allowed in primary |
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enables people to register when they obtain their driver's license, but the new voters were less likely to vote |
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| way to increase voter turnout, downside: take longer to determine winner |
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way to increase voter turnout
downside: hackers, technical problems, voter fraud |
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| a person who works energetically to achieve political or social goals |
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| uniform printed government ballots |
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| everyone eligible to vote by age |
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| Conventional political participation |
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| political participation that attempts to influence the political process through well-accepted, often moderate forms of persuasion |
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| Unconventional Political Participation |
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| political participation that attempts to influence the political process through unusual or extreme measures, such as protests, boycotts, and picketing |
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Incentive is to sell newspapers, not reporting the news.
Ex: national inquirer |
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| office holders who organize themselves and pursue policy objectives under a party label |
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| workers and activists who make up the party's formal organization structure |
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| the voters who consider themselves allie or associated with the party |
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