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Exam 2
Heart -> Hypoxia
149
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
11/02/2011

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Term
septum
Definition
divides heart into left and right
Term
fibrous ring
Definition
horizontal ring that divides heart into atriums and ventricles (top and bottom)
Term
% of heart cells in left atrium
Definition
10%
Term
% of heart cells in right atrium
Definition
10%
Term
% of heart cells in right ventricle
Definition
20%
Term
% of heart cells in left ventricle
Definition
60%
Term
Tricuspa
Definition
Right AV valve
Term
Mitral/Bicuspa
Definition
Left AV valve
Term
S1
Definition
sound from closure of AV valves (bi&tricuspa)
Term
S2
Definition
sound of semilunar valves closing
Term
main role of heart
Definition
to pressurize blood
Term
Atrium pressure at rest
Definition
0mmHg
Term
pressure range of atriums
Definition
0-10mmHg
Term
pressure range of right ventricle
Definition
0-40mmHg
Term
pressure range in left ventricle
Definition
0-120mmHg
Term
pulmonic valve
Definition
right semilunar valve
Term
aortic valve
Definition
left semilunar valve
Term
systemic circulation
Definition
blood goes from left ventricle to the body and back to the right atrium
Term
pulmonary circulation
Definition
blood goes from right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium
Term
70% of valve replacements are for ____ valves
Definition
bicuspa/mitral
Term
pitted edema
Definition
ankles filled with fluid due to tricuspa regurgitation
Term
tricuspa regurgitation
Definition
blood goes back into right atrium and then into the aorta
Term
mitral regurgitation
Definition
blood goes back into left atrium. mumur occurs right after s1
Term
stethoscope
Definition
tool for detecting regurgitation
Term
Funny Na channel
Definition
opens once per second. creates one AP per second
Term
AV node
Definition
10 seconds to allow for active filling of ventricles to finish
Term
Phase 1 of cardiac cycle
Definition
passive filling of vintricles
Term
phase 2 of cardiac cycle
Definition
active filling of ventricle (atrial contraction)
Term
phase 3 of cardiac cycle
Definition
Isovolumetric contraction (ventricle contraction)
Term
phase 4 of cardiac cycle
Definition
Ejection phase (blood is ejected from ventricle)
Term
phase 5 of cardiac cycle
Definition
Ventricle relaxation (pressure in ventricles returns to 0 and semilunar valves close)
Term
venous return
Definition
blood returns to heart
Term
High blood pressure
Definition
140mmHg
Term
Speed of AP from SA node
Definition
1 m/s (unmyelinated)
Term
Sequential contraction
Definition
AP from SA node goes from cell to cell thru gap junctions(not all at once)
Term
Bundle of his
Definition
hooks to AV node and pierces thru fibrous ring. AP travels thru
Term
AV node
Definition
located right above fibrous ring in right atrium. receives AP from SA node and sends AP to bundle of his (simultaneous contraction)
Term
Bundle branches
Definition
branch off bundle of his. sends AP down ventricular septum to purkinje fibers
Term
Purkinje fibers
Definition
sends AP to all cells in free wall (pierce walls of ventricles)
Term
IVC
Definition
isovolumetric contraction- same volume when ventricles contract. ventricles squeeze for 1/10 second to create 120mmHg in left ventricle and 40mmHg in right ventricle
Term
Bradycardia
Definition
heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute
Term
Tachycardia
Definition
heart rate higher than 100 beats per minute
Term
healthy heart rate
Definition
between 60 and 100 bpm
Term
pacemaker
Definition
mimics SA node to send out AP
Term
mitral stenosis
Definition
mitral valve has narrowed and does not allow all the blood thru. creates a murmur before S1
Term
aortic stenosis
Definition
murmur occurs right before S2
Term
Insufficient
Definition
valves dont close all the way
Term
biological replacement
Definition
use of pig heart (last 15 years)
Term
mechanical replacement
Definition
use of titanium. lasts a lot longer. con- can cause blood clots. must use blood thinner
Term
Calcium build up
Definition
causes valve seam to become permeable (causes regurgitation)
Term
size of one box on ECG
Definition
1mmx1mm (0.04 seconds)
Term
Isoelectric line
Definition
no electric current(during relaxation/passive filling)
Term
AP moving to + electrode
Definition
pen goes up
Term
space between p-wave and r-wave
Definition
AV node delay
Term
stroke volume
Definition
how much blood is ejected (70mL/beat)
Term
R-wave
Definition
ventricular contraction, tall because of amount of cells contracting, thin because it occurs fast
Term
too much space between P-wave and R-wave
Definition
AV block, AV node losses its ability to produce AP
Term
Artricular fibrulation
Definition
lots of small p waves, ventricle only get filled 80%, blood pools in atrium and can cause clots, treated in quadimin/warfarin
Term
ischemic stroke
Definition
lack of blood flow to brain
Term
coronary heart disease
Definition
2 main blood vessels off aortic valve get blocked, no O2 to heart or body, NaK channels malfunction, causes APs, treated with balloon inserted into artery or vein can be taken from vein in leg
Term
systolic Blood pressure
Definition
120mmHg, ventricle contracts
Term
diastolic blood pressure
Definition
80mmHg, ventricle relaxes
Term
Bundle Branch Block
Definition
R-wave is more than 2 boxes in length, AP travels sequetially due to broken branches
Term
Blood pressure reading
Definition
systolic/diastolic= 120/80
Term
Ohm's law
Definition
pressure in any tube is affected by the flow and resistance of the tube
Term
Hemoragic Stroke
Definition
high blood pressure in brain, bursts
Term
to calculate blood pressure
Definition
cardiac output x total pressure resistance(TPR)
Term
to calculate cardiac output
Definition
heart rate x stroke volume
Term
cardiac output
Definition
5L/minute
Term
sympathetic response
Definition
increased heart rate (fight or flight)
Term
parasympathetic response
Definition
decreased heart rate(rest and digest)
Term
small radius in tube
Definition
high resistance
Term
large radius in tube
Definition
low resistance
Term
to calculate TPR
Definition
bp/co
Term
to help blood pressure
Definition
lower flow or lower resistance
Term
propranolol
Definition
beta blocker, blocks sympathetic NS, norepinepherine blocked, works at SA node, decreases rate of AP, lowers cardiac output which lowers BP
Term
Naphetapine
Definition
treats high bp, calcium channel blockers, blocks calcium from getting into tunica media, vasodialation increases radius slights, lowers resistance, lowers BP
Term
tunica media
Definition
made of muscle, responsible for vasodialation and vasoconstriction
Term
pitocin
Definition
causes calcium to get into muscles to contract(to induce labor) too much will cause violent contractions which can rupture uterus
Term
beta blocker plus calcium channel blocker
Definition
small doses of each reduces the side effects, lowers the bp the same amount
Term
hypotension
Definition
90/60 bp. unknown till syncope (dizzy passing out)
Term
capillary
Definition
made up of endothelium, gas exchange occurs here, one cell thick
Term
deep venous thrombosis
Definition
deadly, blood pools in veins and forms clots, clot goes to RA->RV->pulmonary artery->lung
Term
BP when arteries meet capillaries
Definition
40mmHg
Term
BP when capillaries go into veins
Definition
10mmHg
Term
BP in veins
Definition
5mmHg
Term
Blood volume of adult
Definition
4-6L
Term
Plasma components
Definition
90% water, 7% suspended proteins, 3% extracellular fluid
Term
anemia
Definition
causes bone marrow destruction, kidney disease, iron deficiency
Term
bilirubin
Definition
yellow compound from heme unit. too much causes jauntice, processed by liver, dysfunction in liver causes overproduction
Term
jauntice
Definition
occurs when RBCs are broken down too rapidly, associated w/ anemia, causes yellow eyes
Term
Blood donation
Definition
1/2 pint(10% of blood) can be given every 6 weeks
Term
plasma donation
Definition
can be given twice a week
Term
veins
Definition
allow for blood to return to the heart against gravity via valves
Term
veins
Definition
allow for blood to return to the heart against gravity via valves
Term
edema caused by increased capillary permeability
Definition
injured cells release histamine which bind to capillaries and cause an increase in permeability, allows proteins into interstitial space
Term
osmosis
Definition
water returning into capillary due to high concentration of plasma protein
Term
osmotic pressure on venous side of capillary
Definition
25mmHg
Term
osmotic pressure at arterial side of capillary
Definition
25mmHg
Term
starling forces
Definition
mechanism controlling H20 flow thru capillaries
Term
7g blood protein creates
Definition
25mmHg osmotic pressure
Term
bee allergy
Definition
histamine released throughout entire body, causes anaphylactic shock
Term
bruising
Definition
enough damage to allow RBCs through capillary walls
Term
Antihistamine
Definition
blocks histamine to stop edema
Term
BP effect of edema
Definition
BP goes down because of loss of fluid from blood, lowers cardiac output
Term
R.I.C.E
Definition
rest, ice, compress, elevate
Term
edema caused by decreased plasma protein
Definition
caused by liver dysfunction, kivoshiakor (less protein from less breast milk) , urinating too much protein out, osmotic pressure drops,
Term
edema caused by hypertension
Definition
BP would be over 40mmHg, more H20 would be pushed out
Term
albumin
Definition
most common plasma protein
Term
edema caused by increased venous BP
Definition
veins blocked by baby in pregnancy, causes swelling in ankles
Term
edema caused by damaged or blocked lymphatic capillaries
Definition
lymph capillaries uptake excess h20 molecules left over from osmosis, if damaged excess fluid will pool
Term
lobes in right lung
Definition
3
Term
lobes in left lung
Definition
2(less space cause of heart)
Term
foreign bodies enter right lung
Definition
due to left lung being at a sharp angle
Term
1-17 generations of bronchial tubes
Definition
conducting bronchi, no gas exchange, bronco constrict(smooth muscle)- bring air down to alveoli , anatomical dead space
Term
18-23 generations of bronchial tubes
Definition
sacks start budding(300 million alveoli),respiratory bronchioles, gas exchange occurs
Term
pairs of ribs protecting lungs
Definition
12
Term
# of generations on bronchial tubes
Definition
23
Term
parietal pleura
Definition
membrane covering chest cavity
Term
intra pleural space
Definition
space between heart and chest wall
Term
pressue in intra pleural space
Definition
5 less than in lungs (755 mmHg) creates vacuum
Term
numothorac
Definition
air inside intrapleural space, vacuum becomes filled with air, lung collapses and ribcage expands, surface area for gas exchange to occur
Term
bilateral double numothorac
Definition
both lungs are punctured/collapsed
Term
mediastinum
Definition
separates thoracic cavity into left and right, prevents unpunctured lung from collapsing
Term
neurovascular bundle
Definition
artery, vein, and nerve in intercostal groove of rib
Term
trocar
Definition
inserted between 4th and 5th rib above the rib to avoid damage to neurovascular bundle
Term
trachea
Definition
aka wind pipe, ciliated to catch debris before it enters lungs
Term
ribs of trachea
Definition
stacked c shaped rings of cartilage, hold trachea open
Term
primatine
Definition
over the counter inhaler, treats asthma, causes broncho dialation
Term
chest tube
Definition
removes air from intrapleural space, creates negative pressure
Term
hemothorac
Definition
blood enters intrapleural space
Term
internal humo thorac
Definition
air leaks from inside lung to intrapleural space
Term
energy used at rest for breathing
Definition
2%
Term
energy used for breathing with asthma
Definition
10%
Term
energy used for exhaling
Definition
none, lungs want to collapse
Term
boyles law
Definition
pressure is inversely related to volume( squeezing balloon) decreased volume=increased pressure
Term
intubation
Definition
tube inserted into trachea, bag inserted on outside end of tube, positive pressure breathing
Term
Arterial blood gas
Definition
measures P02/PC02 in blood that has passed by lung, tells doctor if lungs are properly oxygenation blood
Term
PO2 of oxygenated blood
Definition
should be between 95-100mmHg
Term
ficks law of diffusion
Definition
diffusion= (change in pressure x cross sectional area)/distance between alveoli and capillary
Term
oxygen molecules per hemoglobin
Definition
4
Term
tetromer
Definition
4 proteins, hemoglobin (2 alpha, 2 beta)
Term
procrit
Definition
injectable eurethropoietine to stimulate RBC production(increase hematocrit) , too much causes polycythemia
Term
sickle cell anemia
Definition
1 amino acid is off in beta chain, shape of RBC is different, clots in capillaries
Term
hematocrit in males
Definition
40-45%
Term
hematocrit in females
Definition
35-40%
Term
polycythemia
Definition
high RBC count, forms clots, can result in clots treated with TPA,
Term
surface area of all alveoli
Definition
70m squared
Term
emphysema
Definition
destroys elastic tissue in alveoli, decreases CSA(decreases diffusion) ABG test reveals
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