Term
| What are the three things that carbohydrates are made up of? |
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Definition
1. monosccharides
2.disaccharides
3. polysaccharides |
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Term
| What is the general formula of sugars and polysaccharides? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of carbohydrate are adlehydes and ketones? |
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Definition
| Sugars and Polysaccharides |
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Term
| What type of carbohydrate is a Saccharide? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many carbons are in a monosaccharide, disaccharide, poly? |
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Definition
1. one
2. two
3. three or more monosacc. |
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Term
| What are the subunits linked by in carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is dehydration synthesis? |
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Definition
| Loss of water in a polymerization reaction |
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Term
| What are the four major tissue layers of the digestive tract? |
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Definition
1. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. muscularis
4. serosa |
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Term
| Function of salivary glands? |
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Definition
| acessory organ, release a mixutre of water, mucus, and enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| acessory organ. produces bile, an important secretion needed for lipid digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| acessory organ. stores and releases bile needed for lipid digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| accessory organ. releases pancreatic jouce that neutralizes chyme and contains enzymes needed for carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| GI organ. mechanical breakdown, moistening, and mixing of food with saliva |
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Term
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Definition
| GI organ. propels food from the back of the oral cavity into the esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| GI organ. transports food from the pharynx to the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| GI organ. muscular contractions mix food with gastric juice, causing the chemical and physical breakdown of food into chyme |
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Term
| Function of small intestine? |
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Definition
| GI organ. major site of enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption |
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Term
| Function of the large intestine? |
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Definition
| GI organ. receives and prepares undigested food to be eliminated from the body as feces |
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Term
| What's the function of the muscularis in the GI tract? |
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Definition
-two layers of smooth muscle- longitudinal muscle and circular muscle
-responsible for GI motility
-nerves embedded b/n muscle layers |
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Term
| Whats the function of the submucousa? |
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Definition
-layer of connective tissue b/n muscularis and muscousa
-Lymphatic vessels (filled with lymph) carry insoluble fats away from GI tract
-Nerves regulate release of GI secretion
-Blood vessels carry soluble nutrients away from GI tract |
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Term
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Definition
-Time between the consumption of food and its elimination as solid waste
-Usually 24 to 72 hours
-Affected by diet, illness, medications, physical activity, emotions |
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Term
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Definition
-Muscular band that narrows an opening between GI tract organs
-Keeps food in place long enough for digestive events to be completed |
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Term
| What are the two types of GI tract movement? |
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Definition
-Segmentation
-Circular muscle movement that moves the contents back and forth within a small region of the GI tract
-Peristalsis
-Waves of longitudinal muscle contractions that move materials in the GI tract in a forward direction |
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Term
| What is made up of GI secretions? |
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Definition
| -GI secretions (digestive juices) include water, acid, electrolytes, mucus, salts, enzymes, bile, bicarbonate, etc |
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Term
| What organs release digestive secretions? |
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Definition
| -Organs that release digestive juices include salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestine, and large intestine |
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Term
| What is the purpose of digestive enzymes? |
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Definition
| -Biological catalysts that facilitate hydrolysis, resulting in breakdown of large molecules into small components |
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Term
| Whats the function of the mucous? |
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Definition
| -Coats and protects mucous membranes |
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Term
| What coordinate GI motions and secretions? |
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Definition
-Neural and hormonal signals coordinate
-3 regulatory control mechanisms, two neural and one hormonal |
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Term
| What's the Enteric nervous system? |
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Definition
-Neurons located within the submucosa and muscularis layers
-Receives information from sensory receptors, chemoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors |
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Term
| What's the Central nervous system? |
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Definition
| -Sensory and emotional stimuli |
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Term
| What's the function of the GI hormones? |
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Definition
-Hormones secreted by the mucosal lining of the GI tract regulate GI motility and secretion
-Some affect the brain to influence appetite (example: ghrelin stimulates hunger) |
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Term
| What are the 3 phases of digestion? |
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Definition
1.Cephalic phase
2.Gastric phase
3.Intestinal phase |
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Term
| What's the function of Cephalic Phase? |
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Definition
-Response of the central nervous system to sensory stimuli (smell, sight, taste) before food enters the GI tract
-Increased GI motility
-Release of GI secretions |
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Term
| Whats the function of the gastric phase? |
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Definition
Response stimulated by the arrival of food into the stomach
-Increased GI motility
-Release of GI secretions |
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Term
| Whats the function of the intestinal phase? |
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Definition
Response to chyme entering the small intestine
-Decrease in gastric motility
-Decrease in secretion of gastric juices
-Hormonal signals stimulate pancreas and gallbladder |
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Term
| Whats the purpose of saliva? |
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Definition
-Moistens food and starts digestion
-Contains water, mucus, digestive enzymes, antibacterial agents
-Essential to sensations of taste (salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami) |
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Term
| What moves bolus down the esophagus to the stomach? |
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Definition
-Peristaltis
-Stretch receptors signal the gastroesophageal sphincter to allow the bolus to enter the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| -Difficulty swallowing resulting from injury or disease |
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Term
| What are the 3 regions of the Stomach? |
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Definition
| -fundus, body, and antrum |
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Term
| What regulates movement of food into the duodenum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What produce and release hormones into the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What produce and release secretions into the stomach via ducts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What release the hormone gastrin, which stimulates production and release of gastric juice? |
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Definition
| -Endocrine cells in gastric pits |
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Term
| What's the function of gastric? |
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Definition
-Stimulates release of hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor from parietal cells
-Stimulates release of the protein-digesting enzyme pepsin from chief cells |
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Term
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Definition
| -Contains water, hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes, mucus, and intrinsic factor (needed for vitamin B12 absorption) |
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Term
| What's the major component of gastic juice? and What's its function? |
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Definition
-Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
-Dissolves food particles, destroys bacteria, provides optimal acidity (pH 2) for digestive enzymes to function |
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Term
| What are two common GI disorders? |
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Definition
-GI ulcers (peptic ulcers) erode the mucosal lining of the esophagus, stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum
-Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) allows acidic chyme back into the esophagus |
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Term
| 80% of peptic ulcers are caused... |
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Definition
bacterial infection (H. pylori)
-Common symptoms: dull pain in stomach relieved by eating
Treatment includes antibiotics and acid blockers |
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Term
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Definition
-Exposure to acidic reflux irritates the esophageal lining
Common symptoms: burning sensation in upper chest |
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Term
| What's involved in Gastric emptying? |
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Definition
-Food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine
Rate influenced by volume, consistency, composition of chyme |
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Term
| What slows gastric emptying? |
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Definition
| Hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) |
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Term
| Whats the function of the small intestine and what are the three regions? |
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Definition
-Primary site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
Three regions
duodenum
jejunum
ileum |
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Term
| Whats the function of the duodenum? |
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Definition
-Receives secretions from the gallbladder (bile) and pancreas through ducts
-Folds (plica circulares) covered with projections (villi) increase surface area
-Epithelial cells (enterocytes) covered with small microvilli make up the absorptive surface (brush border) |
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Term
| What occurs in the brush border? |
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Definition
| -Final nutrient digestion and absorption |
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Term
| How does the brush border work? |
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Definition
| Each villus contains blood capillaries and lymphatic vessels (lacteals) that move nutrients away from the small intestine |
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Term
| What coordinate release of secretions from pancreas and gallbladder, relaxation of sphincters, and GI motility? |
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Definition
| -Hormones CCK and secretin |
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Term
| What stimulate release of pancreatic secretions ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-needed for fat digestion
Made by the liver
-Stored and released by the gallbladder
-Contains bile acids, cholesterol, water, and bilirubin |
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Term
| What empties bile into the duodenum |
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Definition
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Term
| whats the function of bile acid? |
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Definition
| -break fats into smaller droplets so enzymes can digest them |
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Term
| What? is reabsorbed through the ileum and returned to the liver via the hepatic portal vein? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Basolateral membrane? |
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Definition
| -Enterocyte membrane that faces away from the lumen and toward the submucosa |
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Term
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Definition
The extent to which nutrients are absorbed into blood or lymph
Influenced by physiological conditions, dietary components, and some medications
Example: vitamin D required for calcium absorption |
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Term
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Definition
-(gluten-sensitive enteropathy)
-Autoimmune response to the protein gluten that damages the absorptive surface of the small intestine
-Requires special gluten-free diet |
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Term
| Whats the function of the cardiovascular system? |
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Definition
-Delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells, removes metabolic waste products
-Consists of two loops
Systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation
-Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood to the heart |
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Term
| What's systemic circulation? |
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Definition
-Delivers oxygenated blood to all body organs except the lungs
-Blood flows from the left side of the heart, through the aorta, arteries and arterioles to capillary beds
-Blood returns to the heart through venules and veins |
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Term
| WHats the function of the capillaries? |
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Definition
-Materials are exchanged between blood and tissues through the thin walls of microscopic capillaries
-Nutrients and oxygen pass into the interstitial fluid
-Waste from interstitial fluid is taken up and carried away |
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Term
| Whats the purpose of the kidneys? |
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Definition
| Breakdown of nutrients in cells produces a variety of wastes removed from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| -Functional units of the kidney that remove wastes such as urea from blood and form urine |
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Term
| What are the regions of the large intestine? |
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Definition
Cecum (with appendix attached)
Colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid)
Rectum
Anal canal (and anal sphincters) |
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Term
| What are the functions of the LI? |
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Definition
-Haustral contractions move contents back and forth to compact feces
-Water and electrolytes are absorbed
-Bacteria (microbiota) break down undigested fiber and produce vitamin K, some B vitamins and lipids |
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Term
| What is a Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)? |
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Definition
| -Chronic conditions such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease that cause inflammation of the lower GI tract |
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Term
| What is Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)? |
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Definition
| Condition of the lower GI tract that causes abdominal pain, muscle spasms, diarrhea, and constipation |
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Term
| What under voluntary control, controls waste elimination? |
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Definition
| -The external anal sphincter |
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Term
| Whats the function of Endogenous Flora? |
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Definition
-bacteria that live in the nooks of the LI (take up space)
-protect against infection
-development of immune system
-manufacture nutrients: Vit. K. - not produced by the body - blood wont clot without it |
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Term
| What causes the appendix to burst? |
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Definition
| - Endogous flora can sometimes become "unfriendly" |
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Term
| What is in yogurt that replace these EF bacteria? |
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Definition
| -Acidophilus cultures that colonize in the LI |
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Term
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Definition
| A normal cell that goes cancerous then grows into a tumor...takes 5 mutations in DNA of cell |
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Term
| What hormones simulate and reduce hunger? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzyme in the gastic juice are required for protein breakdown ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is produced in the baser of the pits and are released into the blood stream? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the enzyme that breaks down strach? |
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Definition
-Amylase
-hydrolyses by adding water across the bonds of the polymer glucose (many as 3000)
-speeds up this breakage
-30% of the population have it |
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