Formal social control of groups- forces that regulate behavior and encourage conformity.

Formal social ctonrol agents include the police, school officials, correctional officers, the national guard...our GOVERNMENT.

Can also include social elites. (i.e., how you think of social control)

Informal mechanisms of social control that lead to individual obedience.

Informal conrols can include:

Social Bonds

Internal control mechanisms with a person (i.e., self control)

Influences of family, friends, religions, etc.

1. Belief systems and not laws guide our behavior

2. belief systems represent social control

He's important because he focuses on how there is too much obsession with the law and crime and our belief systems.

1. attachment

2. commitment

3. involvement

4. belief

1.) Condemnation of the Condemner

2.) Appeal to Higher Authorities

3.) Denial of Responsibility

4.) Denial of the Victim

5.) Denial of Injury

because crime occurs when

1. one falils to internalize accepted norms of behavior

2. there is a breakdown of internal controls

3. there is a lack of social rules (external) that influence behavior in the family, school, and other social groups.

Involves both inner and outer containment

Inner- deals with the individual

Outer- deals with society

Purports to explain all crime, crime against persons and crime against property. 

AND

Crime is the byproduct of people with low self control and criminal propensities coming into contact with illegal opportunities

1.) Assumes Consensus

2.) It over predicts

3.) Ingnores individual factors

4.) Ignores the criminalization process

Looking Glass Self

People imagine themselves through the eyes of the others

1. Punishment policies change based on historical circumstances

2. punishment is related to the mode of production

3. purpose of punishment is to control crime and the threat of surplus labor (i.e., social dynamite)

4. punishment is a way to control the poor

5. punishment is related to class struggle

6. ideology distorts understanding of punishment; not always for the social good

1. conflict resolution and mediation

2. restorative justice

1. overpredicts

2. conflict perspective

3. conceptual definition of crime is too broad

4. concentrates too heavily on class conflict- society is more complex

5. theoretical implications offer a false utopia- socialist/communist countries also have crime.

6. tendency among some radical theories to romanticize criminals as victims and rebels.

environmental and victimization theories

1. assumes the presence of motivated offenders

2. focus is on environmental factors and the situational characteristics/opportunity structures associated with crime

3. where crime occurred

4. when the crime occurred

5. the physical and social characteristics of the crime site.

6. identification of situational factors that brought the offender and target/victim together

1. focuses on the offender

2. do it or not? (making the choice to commit crime or not)

3. influenced by previous learning experiences

1. number of targets/accessibility

2. familiarity with chosen method

3. monetary gain from crime

4. level of expertise needed

5. time required to commit act

6. physical danger?

7. risk of apprehension

1. motivated offender

2. suitable target/victim

3. absence of capable guardian

4. lack of a capable handler (new factor)

5. ineffective/weak management (new factor)

1. dark public places

2. probability of being in public place particularly at night

3. people with similar lifestyles are more likely to be around eachother

4. individuals demographics (young urban males)

5. proportion of time that an individual spends among non family members

6. the probability of personal victimization (particularly personal theft)

7. individuals who isolate themselves from persons with offender characteristics (being able to leave high crime urban areas for sheltered suburbs)

8. variations in the convenience, the desirability and the vincibility of the person as a target for personal victimization (people that appear vulnerable)

situational crime prevention

1. increasing perceived effort

2. increasing perceived risks

3. reducing anticipated rewards

4. inducing guilt or shame

twchniques of crime prevention

1. formal security

2. controlling facilitators

3. inducing guilt or shame

simple assault (UCR version)

1. opportunistic- the most common, has no long term commitment to robbery

2. professional- carefully plans and executes robbery

3. addict robber- is addicted to robbers and has a low commitment to robbery but a high commitment to theft

4. alcoholic robber- has no commitment to robbery as a way of life, no commitment to theft, does not plan and only robs after first assault.

theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle

they take on the label, become outsiders, and join other individuals with delinquent/criminal master status.

by taking on the label, criminals hangout with other criminals and become a part of that community through which they define themselves.

person is labeled, accepts label, may engage in subsequent crime, eventually will want to stop and reintegrate with society.

one stigmatized, people can never really integrate back into mainstream society.

1. decriminalize

2. diversion (watch for net widening)

3. deinstitutionalization

4. due process

integrated theory=control, social disorganization, delinquent subculture, etc.

has a micro and macro focus

macro- do groups trust eachother?

1. reintegrative shaming (losing the stigma)

2. disintegrative shaming (keeping the stigma)

delinquents have more crime

white collar has less crime

crime is an indicator of conflict, not consensus

crime is normal and is a common form of interaction

conflict is a product of inequality

power, wealth and prestige and the three dimensions of social inequality.

1. assumes conflict perspective and ignores social consensus

2. ignores social conditions that relate to crime

3. conceptual overlap between categories of "dominators or dominated". you can be a member of both groups!

4. overpredicts-- conflict theory may overestimate the extent of conflict that exists in society and the amount of crime it can explain.

-can conflict really explain all crime?

-conflict theory does not go far enough in its discussion of the origins of power.