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Exam 2
N/A
170
Criminology
Undergraduate 3
07/06/2011

Additional Criminology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What view of human nature do control theorists take?
Definition
Ontology
Term
What is the guiding question of control theories?
Definition
Why do people conform and not break the law? (by understanding conformity we can also understand deviance)
Term
What is social control?
Definition
forces that regulate behavior and encourage conformity (the police, school officials, correctional officials, the national guard, etc.)
Term
What view of society do control theorists take?
Definition
Cosmology
Term
Macro Social Control
Definition

Formal social control of groups- forces that regulate behavior and encourage conformity.

 

Formal social ctonrol agents include the police, school officials, correctional officers, the national guard...our GOVERNMENT.

 

Can also include social elites. (i.e., how you think of social control)

Term
Micro Social Control
Definition

Informal mechanisms of social control that lead to individual obedience.

 

Informal conrols can include:

 

Social Bonds

Internal control mechanisms with a person (i.e., self control)

Influences of family, friends, religions, etc.

Term
EA Ross and why is he important in a discussion of social control?
Definition

1. Belief systems and not laws guide our behavior

2. belief systems represent social control

 

He's important because he focuses on how there is too much obsession with the law and crime and our belief systems.

Term
Hirschi's Social Bond Theory
Definition
It explains conformity and adherence to rules and is a prosocial behavior theory used by criminologists to explain deviance.
Term
types of bonds
Definition

1. attachment

2. commitment

3. involvement

4. belief

Term
what is the most important bond and why?
Definition
attachment because if your family is gone this has such a profound effect on you it will affect you the most
Term
How does Social Bond work?
Definition
If any of these attachments are weakened or broken, then unusual behavior for that individual may occur
Term
drift?
Definition
it's a state of limbo between convention and crime.
Term
what does drift have to do with delinquency?
Definition
the moral obligation creates a bind between a person and the law, allowing responsibility and control to remain in place most of the time.
Term
Do juveniles have a sense of moral obligation?
Definition
Yes, most of the time.
Term
Techniques of Neutralization
Definition

1.) Condemnation of the Condemner

2.) Appeal to Higher Authorities

3.) Denial of Responsibility

4.) Denial of the Victim

5.) Denial of Injury

 

Term
Condemnation of the Condemners
Definition
Denouncing the persons that allege law violation
Term
Denial of Responsibilty
Definition
Disclaiming personal accountability for law violation
Term
Denial of Injury
Definition
Claiming that the prohibited behavior is absent the element of harm
Term
Denial of the Victim
Definition
Transforming the victim of illegal behavior into a justifiable target.
Term
Appeal to Higher Loyalties
Definition
Justifiying law violation by conforming to the moral demands of another group affiliation
Term
Neutralization
Definition
to render or become ineffective or neutral by counteracting
Term
when does neutralization need to occur?
Definition
when there is a sense of moral obligation.
Term
Rationalization
Definition
to justify (one's actions, esp discreditable actions, or beliefs) with plausible reasons, esp after the event
Term
why is it important to examine both micro and macro forms of soical control?
Definition

because crime occurs when

1. one falils to internalize accepted norms of behavior

2. there is a breakdown of internal controls

3. there is a lack of social rules (external) that influence behavior in the family, school, and other social groups.

Term
Stake of Conformity
Definition
A micro term that comes from the individual who may or may not commit crime
Term
Reiss and Toby's Personal Social Control
Definition
Crime can only be understood using macro (external)/micro (internal) perspectives of social  control
Term
Reckless Containment Theory
Definition

Involves both inner and outer containment

 

Inner- deals with the individual

 

Outer- deals with society

Term
How does Reckless Containment Theory work?
Definition
When the inner containment (within the individual) is strong
Term
Gottfredson & Hirschi's General Theory of Crime
Definition

Purports to explain all crime, crime against persons and crime against property. 

 

AND

 

Crime is the byproduct of people with low self control and criminal propensities coming into contact with illegal opportunities

Term
Does crime require specialization and planning (according to the General Theory of Crime)?
Definition
NO
Term
What causes low self control?
Definition
When there is bad parenting rearing practices
Term
Analagous Behaviors/Crime
Definition
Involves bad socialization, child rearing, which leads to poor self control.
Term
Age of Responsibility
Definition
Term
Can you get rid of age of responsibilty once you have the criminal propensity?
Definition
Not likely
Term
How do G&H view working moms and single parent households?
Definition
Their kids will most likely commit crime because the social bonds are broken. And you need two authority figures
Term
Fallacy of Autonomy
Definition
Term
Critique of Control Theories
Definition

1.) Assumes Consensus

2.) It over predicts

3.) Ingnores individual factors

4.) Ignores the criminalization process

 

 

Term
Labeling Theory
Definition
Declares that the reactions of other people and the subsequent effects of those reactions create deviance.
Term
What Historical Factors gave rise to the development of Labeling Theory?
Definition
Becker (1963) The Outsiders: Studies in Socialization of Deviance (involved delinquents)
Term
Cooley (1902)
Definition

Looking Glass Self

 

People imagine themselves through the eyes of the others

Term
Mead  (1934)
Definition
Involved Meanings, Social Interaction, Interpretive Process, and Self Concept
Term
Meanings
Definition
Term
Social Interaction
Definition
Term
Interpretive Process
Definition
Term
Self Concept
Definition
Term
Tannenbaum (1938)
Definition
Tagging behavior and the dramatization of evil
Term
How does labeling theory work?
Definition
When the individual accepts the master status (i.e., secondary deviance)
Term
historical materialism
Definition
looks for the cause of developments and changes in human society in the means by which humans collectively produce the necessities of life.
Term
modes of production
Definition
the ways in which we produce things
Term
means of production
Definition
physical, non-human inputs used in production- the factories, machines, and tools used to produce wealth
Term
Capitalist
Definition
a person who has capital,  especially extensive capital,  invested in business enterprises.
Term
proletariat
Definition
the class of workers, especially industrial wage earners, who do not possess capital or property and must sell their labor to survive.
Term
exchange
Definition
the value something has in able to traded or bartered for another object in marxist theory
Term
exploitation
Definition
use or utilization, especially for profit
Term
surplus labour
Definition
labour performed in excess of the labor necessary to produce the means of livelihood of the worker
Term
surplus value
Definition
the new value created by workers in excess of their own labour-cost
Term
How did Engels view crime?
Definition
Crime is a means of survival and also a primitive form of rebellion.
Term
Was Engels supportive and understanding of workers committing crime?
Definition
yes because he says the political economy created poverty and crime thus it is a means of survival
Term
To Bonger, what is the central cause of crime?
Definition
crime is linked to economic and social conditions
Term
egoism
Definition
selfishness, caring only for yourself
Term
altruism
Definition
selflessness, caring for others
Term
how do egoism and altruism relate to capitalism
Definition
altruism comes out in primitive/socialistic societies and egoism comes out in modern/capitalistic societies
Term
How does egoism impact the working class?
Definition
because they are alienated from authentic social relationships and thus prone to more crime.
Term
how does egoism impact the capitalists?
Definition
capitalists are alienated from authentic social relations and it's good for them because they just don't care.
Term
What is Bonger's solution to crime?
Definition
socialist society...capitalism leads to egoism and egoism leads to crime so to solve this problem we should have a socialist society and get everyone involved.
Term
6 central propositions/themes of Rusche and Kirchheimer
Definition

1. Punishment policies change based on historical circumstances

2. punishment is related to the mode of production

3. purpose of punishment is to control crime and the threat of surplus labor (i.e., social dynamite)

4. punishment is a way to control the poor

5. punishment is related to class struggle

6. ideology distorts understanding of punishment; not always for the social good

Term
excess labor
Definition
more severe punishment practices
Term
lack of labor
Definition
less severe punishment practices...need prison labor to assist with industry create surplus value and maximize profit
Term
what did chiricos and delone discover?
Definition
they found a consistent and positive relationship between labor surplus and severe punishment practices (controlling for crime) in 44 studies
Term
crimes of domination and repression?
Definition
involved crimes committed by capitalist/ruling class
Term
repression
Definition
exploitation of labor, economic crimes, state crime, etc.
Term
crimes of accomodation
Definition
property and violent crimes committed against own class out of frustration/need for survival
Term
crimes of resistance
Definition
property or violent crimes that have a political motivation and are directed at ruling class/capitalists.
Term
what is left realism?
Definition
argues that crime disproportionately affects working class people and protects those most vulnerable to crime.
Term
is the left realism theory considered more radical or moderate of the radical theories
Definition
considered more moderate
Term
what is the square of crime
Definition
involves the offender, state, victim and general public. they focus more on the offender
Term
what role do vulnerable people play in this theory of left realism?
Definition
they're more protected against crime because people are more focused on people who are more vulnerable to it.
Term
what role do crime control policies play in the left realism theory?
Definition
crime control is not bad if it does not further victimize lower classes with biased policies and practices.
Term
what is peacemaking criminology?
Definition
emphasis on peace, justice and social equality
Term
what is the solution to crime for peacemaking criminology?
Definition
social reintegration rather than coercive state controls
Term
what is crime causation for peacemaking criminology?
Definition
punitive punishment and war on crime/drugs only encourages additional crime/violence.
Term
what types of CJ programs/policies does peacemaking does this theory (peacemaking criminology) support?
Definition

1. conflict resolution and mediation

2. restorative justice

Term
critique of critical/radical theories
Definition

1. overpredicts

2. conflict perspective

3. conceptual definition of crime is too broad

4. concentrates too heavily on class conflict- society is more complex

5. theoretical implications offer a false utopia- socialist/communist countries also have crime.

6. tendency among some radical theories to romanticize criminals as victims and rebels.

Term

environmental and victimization theories

 

Definition

1. assumes the presence of motivated offenders

2. focus is on environmental factors and the situational characteristics/opportunity structures associated with crime

3. where crime occurred

4. when the crime occurred

5. the physical and social characteristics of the crime site.

6. identification of situational factors that brought the offender and target/victim together

Term
features of the crime triangle
Definition
place, offender, and target/victim
Term
what is the central assumption of environmental theories?
Definition
assumes the presence of motivated offenders and focus is on environmental factors and the situational characteristics/opportunity structures associated with crime
Term
what is meant by the situational context of crime?
Definition
what factors brought the victim and the offender together
Term
what role do opportunities play in environmental theories?
Definition
opportunities are specific; concentrated in time and space; depend on everyday movements. (i.e., routine activities)
Term
what is meant by crime displacement?
Definition
crime can be reduced via reduction of opportunities but this does not lead to displacement all the time. crime displacement is when crime moves from one place to another. (i.e., hot spots)
Term
how is rational choice theory similar to classical criminology?
Definition
similar because of utilitarianism, free will, choices based on economic principles.
Term
how is rational choice theory different from classical criminology?
Definition
people can have "limited rationality"/soft determinism
Term
limited rationality
Definition
focus is on situational factors that influence the decision to commit crime and how to go about it
Term
rationality
Definition
logic about goals and the achievement of those goals
Term
criminal involvement model (stage 1)
Definition

1. focuses on the offender

2. do it or not? (making the choice to commit crime or not)

3. influenced by previous learning experiences

Term
criminal event model (stage 2)
Definition
focuses on the offense not the offender (involves the 5 w's and how of crime)
Term
rational choice structuring factors
Definition

1. number of targets/accessibility

2. familiarity with chosen method

3. monetary gain from crime

4. level of expertise needed

5. time required to commit act

6. physical danger?

7. risk of apprehension

Term
Routine activities theory (lawrence E. Cohen and marcus felson) - what are the elements needed for crime to occur?
Definition

1. motivated offender

2. suitable target/victim

3. absence of capable guardian

4. lack of a capable handler (new factor)

5. ineffective/weak management (new factor)

Term
If all elements in routine activities theory is emphasized what will happen?
Definition
it will change the routine activity whether it is the offender or the victim.
Term
how have routine activities changes since WW2 and how have they contributed to crime?
Definition
it affected the baby boomer period with more people and it made us have a more capitalistic/egoistic society.
Term
how is crime in victimization theory viewed differently than other theories?
Definition
it focuses more on the victim than the offender
Term
8 propositions of lifestyle theory of victimization
Definition

1. dark public places

2. probability of being in public place particularly at night

3. people with similar lifestyles are more likely to be around eachother

4. individuals demographics (young urban males)

5. proportion of time that an individual spends among non family members

6. the probability of personal victimization (particularly personal theft)

7. individuals who isolate themselves from persons with offender characteristics (being able to leave high crime urban areas for sheltered suburbs)

8. variations in the convenience, the desirability and the vincibility of the person as a target for personal victimization (people that appear vulnerable)

 

Term
what is meant by victim precipitation?
Definition
victims may initiate confrontations that lead to their death
Term
what percent of homicides are though to be victim precipitated?
Definition
25-50 percent
Term
how does repeat victimization theory/hot spot theories perspective view the concept of the "victim"?
Definition
victims are not always people, they can be anything
Term
why do certain locations become hot spots/ repeat victims?
Definition
once something is victimized it's easier to be victimized again. (broken windows theory)
Term
what can we do to minimize victimization?
Definition
not to put all the responsibility on the police but have everyone be aware and in control of the problem.
Term
what is CPTED?
Definition
crime prevention through environmental design
Term
defensible space and target hardening
Definition
protecting suitable targets (making them less suitable) and increasing the presence of capable guardians.
Term

situational crime prevention

 

Definition

1. increasing perceived effort

2. increasing perceived risks

3. reducing anticipated rewards

4. inducing guilt or shame

 

Term

twchniques of crime prevention

 

Definition

1. formal security

2. controlling facilitators

3. inducing guilt or shame

Term
voluntary manslaughter
Definition
mens rea is needed (guilty mind) whereas involuntary just needs the act or actus reus
Term
kidnapping
Definition
abduction and detention by force or fraud and transport beyond the authority of the place where the crime was committed
Term

simple assault (UCR version)

 

Definition
the threat to be of harm and has to be percieved that way to be a formal provocation
Term
aggravated assault (UCR version)
Definition
actually putting the simple assault into action
Term
Battery (Adler)
Definition
a common law crime consisting of the international touching of or inflicting of hurt on another.
Term
assault (Adler)
Definition
attack on another person that is made with apparent ability to inflict injury that is intended to frighten or cause harm.
Term
Robbery
Definition
the taking of property from a victim by force and violence or by the threat of violence.
Term
conklin's four types of robbers
Definition

1. opportunistic- the most common, has no long term commitment to robbery

2. professional- carefully plans and executes robbery

3. addict robber- is addicted to robbers and has a low commitment to robbery but a high commitment to theft

4. alcoholic robber- has no commitment to robbery as a way of life, no commitment to theft, does not plan and only robs after first assault.

Term
terrorism
Definition
the use of violence against a target to create fear, alarm, dread, or coercion for the purpose of obtaining concessions or rewards or commanding public attention for a political cause.
Term
hate crime
Definition
a crime, usually violent, motivated by prejudice or intolerance toward a member of a gender, racial, religious, or social group.
Term
motor vehicle theft
Definition

theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle

 

Term
prostitution
Definition
the practice of engaging in sexual activities for hire.
Term
pornography
Definition
the portrayal, by whatever means, of lewd or obscene (sexually explicit) material prohibited by law.
Term
state crime
Definition
activity or failures to act that break the state's own criminal law or public international law.
Term
corporate crime
Definition
a crime attributed to a corporation but perpetrated by or on the authority of an officer or high managerial agent.
Term
white collar crime
Definition
a sociological concept encompassing any violation of the law committed by a person or group of persons in the course of an otherwise respected and legitimate occupation or business enterprise.
Term
what is meant when reiman refers to a crime by any other name?
Definition
politicians and lawmakers state what crime is and there is somewhat of a consensus. we all think of crime to be the same thing. the offender gets the label of the crime they committed.
Term
what is meant when reiman refers the CJS to a carnival mirror?
Definition
the more accurate a mirror is the more the image it shows is created by the reality it reflects. the more mishapen a mirror is the more distorted image it shows is created by the mirror and the reality reflected.
Term
what types of harmful activities does reiman believe should be defined as crime?
Definition
accidents
Term
primary deviance
Definition
the initial deviant acts that bring the first social response
Term
secondary deviance
Definition
the acts that follow the societal response to the primary deviation
Term
transition of processing from primary to secondary deviance
Definition
you get labeled as something and then you act as such by accepting the label.
Term
what role does stigma play?
Definition
stigmatized offenders and now locked into criminal careers.
Term
deviance amplication
Definition
stigmatized offenders are not locked into criminal careers.
Term
is crime socially constructed? (Becker)
Definition
yes; by moral entrepreneurs
Term
what are moral entrepreneurs? what role do they play in labeling theory?
Definition
they apply the label...legal and extralegal factors play a role
Term
who is most likely to acquire the criminal label?
Definition
troublemakers, criminals, etc. (shunned by conventional society)
Term
what are the consequences of acquiring the criminal label?
Definition
it leads to secondary deviance or self labeling
Term
master status...what is it and what role does it play in labeling theory?
Definition

they take on the label, become outsiders, and join other individuals with delinquent/criminal master status.

 

 

by taking on the label, criminals hangout with other criminals and become a part of that community through which they define themselves.

Term
secondary elaboration (Schur)
Definition

person is labeled, accepts label, may engage in subsequent crime, eventually will want to stop and reintegrate with society.

 

one stigmatized, people can never really integrate back into mainstream society.

Term
radical nonintervention strategies
Definition

1. decriminalize

2. diversion (watch for net widening)

3. deinstitutionalization

4. due process

Term
restorative justice
Definition
an approach to sentencing that seeks both to restore those who have suffered from crime to their original sense of well-being and make it clear and make it clear that justice itself is being restored.
Term
what happened in Rosenhan's research "On being sane in insane places"?
Definition
Term
net widening
Definition
individuals who would have previously recieved little or no attention from law enforcement officials by being given a warning are instead put through a formal program such as alternative measures.
Term
what was found in the saints and roughnecks study and who was labeled?
Definition
Term
Braithwaite's crime, shame and reintegration (1989)
Definition

integrated theory=control, social disorganization, delinquent subculture, etc.

 

has a micro and macro focus

Term
interdependency
Definition
connected or attached to society
Term
communitarism
Definition

macro- do groups trust eachother?

 

Term
shaming
Definition
explaining social dissaproval
Term
2 types of shaming
Definition

1. reintegrative shaming (losing the stigma)

2. disintegrative shaming (keeping the stigma)

Term
what role do criminal subcultures play in Braithwaite's theory
Definition
Term
how does braithwaite's theory work?
Definition
youre in society, then labeled, shamed and can be reintegrated but it's hard to lose this label
Term
which communities/societies have more crime and why? which societies have less?
Definition

delinquents have more crime

white collar has less crime

Term
is conflict normal and what is it? (simmel)
Definition

crime is an indicator of conflict, not consensus

 

crime is normal and is a common form of interaction

Term
weber- why do we have conflict? and what are the three dimensions of social inequality?
Definition

conflict is a product of inequality

 

power, wealth and prestige and the three dimensions of social inequality.

Term
vold- why do people form social groups?
Definition
groups trying to get laws passed in their favor and to gain control of the police powers
Term
vold- why do social groups experience conflict?
Definition
because groups are in a constant state of conflict
Term
dahrendorf- is conflict constructive or destructive?
Definition
constructive because this is the only way to make change occur
Term
vold- what role does the state play for conflicting groups and why does this matter for crime control?
Definition
the states make laws and represent interests of specific groups that have the power to get them enacted. it's important for crime control because groups need to be represented.
Term
dahrendorf- is conflict normal and constant?
Definition
a product of conflict in relationships of unequal power
Term
dahrendorf- what is the source of conflict?
Definition
the structural basis of conflict is found in relationships of unequal power.
Term
dahrendorf- how does domination fit into his ideas?
Definition
two general groups...dominators/rulers and subordinated/ruled
Term
turk- what is the source of conflict?
Definition
comes from the failure to learn or resist
Term
turk- how does the criminalization process work and who makes the rules?
Definition
people that have power in subordinate positions and criminalzation/criminal status is when there is a failure to learn or resist.
Term
turk- what does he mean by authority-subject relationships?
Definition
the dominant rule the subordinates
Term
turk- in terms of social behavior, what options do those in subordinate postitions have?
Definition
limited because they have unequal power
Term
turk- what does he mean by social roles of dominance and deference?
Definition
the subordinates have to respect and obey the dominators
Term
turk- control via legal images
Definition
convince people to see the law as their own self interest
Term
turk- control via living time
Definition
it takes time to learn the norms of domination
Term
critique of conflict theory
Definition

1. assumes conflict perspective and ignores social consensus

2. ignores social conditions that relate to crime

3. conceptual overlap between categories of "dominators or dominated". you can be a member of both groups!

4. overpredicts-- conflict theory may overestimate the extent of conflict that exists in society and the amount of crime it can explain.

-can conflict really explain all crime?

-conflict theory does not go far enough in its discussion of the origins of power.

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