1.       Demonstrating: see & do

2.       Describing: Vivid details, creating a mental picture

3.       Defining: Abstract concepts or technical information

4.       Comparing: Similarities and differences

5.       Reporting: e.g. journalism, chronological events

6.       Explaining: Cause & Effect

1.       Cooperative/Social Art (NOT Solitary); rhetoric is pluralistic & accommodates differences

2.       Frustrating/Contingent Art (NOT Predictable)

3.       People’s Art (ordinary language and everyday logic; NOT Formal and NOT Poetic)

4.       Temporary Art (to be consumed; NOT savored); rhetoric is judged in specific context

.       Providing New Information or Perspective: changing audience beliefs about what is TRUE

2.       Strengthening Commitment: to motivate audience members

3.       Inducing a Specific Action: call to action (vs. belief or value)

4.       Agenda Setting: making the topic/issue important to the audience

5.       Conversion: changing audience opinion or attitude

1.       PRESENCE: impact audience sensibilities by using concrete visual images

2.       COHERENCE: logic or reasoning/the internal logic of the argument or position

3.       ETHOS: credibility of the source

4.       MEDIUM: channel of communication

5.       SCENE: context or background

1.       Rhetoric elongates: makes the future seem present

2.       Rhetoric distracts: agenda setting

3.       Rhetoric enlarges: creates new associations

4.       Rhetoric names: labeling

You should be able to distinguish between rhetoric, propaganda, and coercion:

1.       Rhetoric is pluralistic & accommodates differences

2.       Suppressing alternatives is coercion

3.       Propaganda produces reflexive audiences (NOT critical thinkers; propaganda also uses fear tactics)

1.       Common knowledge (broad social consensus; use of maxims)

2.       Personal experience (credibility; identification)

3.       Example (illustrates details; makes a general claim more concrete)

4.       Testimony (expert testimony; provides credibility)

5.       Statistics (generalize the extent or frequency; numerical data)

You should know the dimensions of vocal presentation (p. 307-312)

Pay special attention to the difference between the following:

     Articulation: the clarity of individual sounds

2.       Enunciation: the distinctness with which whole words are sounded

3.       Pronunciation: correct pronunciation refers to the accepted way to sound a given word