Term
| most efficient way to generate ATP |
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Definition
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Term
| where aerobic respiration occurs |
|
Definition
| on cristae of mitochondria |
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|
Term
important players in aerobic respiration:
decarboxylation, where aerobic respiration starts |
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Definition
3-C pyruvic acid is decarboxylated into CO2 and a 2-C acetyl
acetyl is attached to Coenzyme A
one NAD+ is reduced to NADH |
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Term
| important players in aerobic respiration: Kreb's Cycle |
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Definition
2-C acetyl attached to 4-C oxaloacetic acid creating 6-C citric acid
6-C citric acid decarboxylated into 4-C
oxaloacetic acid and two CO2 molecules.
3 NAD+ and 1 FAD reduced into 3 NADH and 1 FADH2
1 ATP produced by substrate level phosphorylation |
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|
Term
| Summary of the Citric Acid Cycle |
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Definition
2AcetylCoA+ 6NAD + 2FAD + 2ADP + 2P + 4H2O →
2CoA + 4CO2 + 6NADH + 4H+ + 2FADH2 + 2ATP |
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|
Term
| Summary of decarboxylation |
|
Definition
2Pyruvate + 2NAD+ + 2CoA
→
2AcetylCoA + 2CO2 + 2 NADH |
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|
Term
important players in aerobic respiration:
Electron Transport Chain: oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
NAD+ and FAD collect energy in form of H+ becoming NADH and FADH2
NADH and FADH2 oxidized and pass hydrogens to the etc
As electrons go thru chain, protons pushed out the membrane, sets up concentration gradient with protons outside and electrons inside.
electrons are accepted by O2 creating an anion (O-)
Chemiosmosis makes ATP, H+ outside moves toward O- inside thru channels coupled to ATP synthase high-energy diffusion
of H+ drives the reaction ADP + P → ATP
H+ combines with O- inside the mitochondria creating water (H2O). |
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|
Term
| Summary of Electron Transport |
|
Definition
2 NADH from Glycolysis
+ 2 NADH from Decarboxylation
+ 6 NADH from Citric Acid Cycle
+ 2 FADH2 from Citric Acid Cycle
+ 6 O2
+ 32 ADP
+ 32 P
→
12 H2O + 32 ATP + 10 NAD+ + 2 FAD |
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|
Term
| Electron Transport Chain Review |
|
Definition
- NADH and FADH2 are oxidized
- electrons passed to cytochromes,accepted by oxygen
- 32 ATP generated by chemiosmosis / oxidative phosphorylation
- 12 H2O produced as waste from oxidation of oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
- 2 acetyl combined with 2 oxaloacetic acids creating 2 citric acids
- citric acid decarboxylated and oxidized → 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
- 2 ATP generated by substrate level phosphorylation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 pyruvic acid decarboxylated and oxidized into 2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 with 2 NADH |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| linkage of electron transport, proton pumping and ATP synthesis |
|
|
Term
| starting molecules for aerobic respiration |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is required for chemiosmotic coupling |
|
Definition
| H+, ADP and Phosphate to make ATP |
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|
Term
| What is an “ATP Synthase”? |
|
Definition
| enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP, like a turbine to drive the proton gradient |
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|
Term
| What drives synthesis of ATP? |
|
Definition
| H+ proton gradient, + charge outside membrane, - charge inside |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| made of inner and outer membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains transport protein porin which form channels through lipid bilayer, so the outer membrane is permeable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
impermeable to ions and small molecules except by transport proteins
site of electron transport chain and proton pumping,
contains ATP Synthase |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| folding of the inner membrane to produce high surface area so more ATP synthesis can occur |
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Term
| What happens to the electron in the activated carrier molecule NADH? |
|
Definition
| NADH is oxidized and the electron pass to the respiratory chain complexes and finally accepted by oxygen |
|
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Term
| respiratory chain complexes |
|
Definition
| pump H+ outside membrane and electrons inside membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the “redox potential”? |
|
Definition
| affinity for electrons, how much it wants electrons |
|
|
Term
| Why do electrons ONLY move in one direction in the respiratory chain? |
|
Definition
| each respiratory chain complexe has a higher redox potential than the last one |
|
|
Term
| Do electrons move from low‐to‐ high redox potential, or high‐to‐low redox potential? |
|
Definition
| electrons move from low‐to‐ high redox potential |
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|
Term
| What is the final electron acceptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NADH and NAD+
NADH strong electron donor
NAD+ weak electron acceptor |
|
|
Term
| Compare the structures of mitochondria and chloroplasts |
|
Definition
both have internal membranes
both have their own RNA & DNA
carry out proton gradients to drive respirstion |
|
|
Term
| Why do eukaryotic cells need cellular compartments while prokaryotes manage without them? |
|
Definition
| eukaryotic cells have a higher surface to volume ratio, and needed more than just the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| How did the “endomembrane” system develop? |
|
Definition
| Invagination of the plasma membrane, the plasma membrane folded on itself to form a two layer membrane arounf the endo membrane system |
|
|
Term
| What organelles are part of the endomembrane system |
|
Definition
ER
Golgi Apparatus
endosomes
lysosomes |
|
|
Term
| How did other organelles develop? |
|
Definition
| mitochondria and chloroplasts were bacteria engulfed by primitive eukaryotic cells |
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|
Term
| Where does protein synthesis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the template for protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are ribosomes? Where can they be located? |
|
Definition
| Protein synthesizers that connect one amino acid at a time and build long chains, can be found in the cytosol, ER, and mitochondria |
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|
Term
| Protein Transport through nuclear pores |
|
Definition
| proteins moving from cytosol to nucleus go thru pores that function as nuclear gates, actively transport specific macromolecules |
|
|
Term
| Protein transport across membranes |
|
Definition
| proteins moving from cytosol to ER, mitochondra, chloroplasts, or peroxisomes transported by protein translocators, protein has to unfold to squeeze through |
|
|
Term
| protein transport by vesicles |
|
Definition
| transport vesicles with proteins from lumen pinch off from membrane and fuse to destination |
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Term
|
Definition
| contained in the amino acid sequence, tells protein where to go |
|
|
Term
| Do all proteins contain a signal sequence? |
|
Definition
| No, deleting a signal sequence turns it into a cytosolic protein |
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|
Term
| If proteins do not have a signal sequence, where are they located in the cell? |
|
Definition
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