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| An excitation that travels along an axon at a constant strength, no matter how far it must travel. |
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| A part of the limbic system (within the brain) that produces fear responses. |
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| Assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal. |
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| Occipital, Parietal, Temporal, Frontal |
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| rear of brain and focuses on vision |
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| in front of occipital lobe, specialized for body senses: Touch, pain, temperature, awareness of body parts |
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| located on left and right sides of head, close to ears. specializes in hearing and more complex aspects of vision |
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| front of brain; primary motor cortex |
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| A set of procedures used to investigate how organisms learn about the signaling properties of events. Classical conditioning involves learning relations between events—conditioned andunconditioned stimuli—that occur outside of one’s control. |
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| The acquired response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| The neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during classical conditioning. |
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| The perception of distance, which enables us to experience the world in three dimensions. |
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| A state characterized by physiological arousal, changes in facial expression, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings. |
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| A neuron in the visual system of the brain that responds to the presence of a certain simple feature, such as a horizontal line. |
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| An approach to psychology that seeks to explain how we perceive overall patterns. |
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| A cell of the nervous system that insulates neurons, removes waste materials (e.g., dead cells), and performs other supportive functions. |
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| A relatively permanent change in behavior, or potential behavior, that results from experience. |
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| Internal processes that initiate, sustain, and direct activities. |
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| Based on biological needs that must be met for survival |
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| Need for stimulation and information; not necessary for survival |
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| Based on learned needs, drives, and goals |
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| When the removal of something after a behavior decreases the likelihood of that behavior |
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| When the REMOVAL of a negative event after a behavior increases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again |
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| consists of Brain and spinal cord; processes information |
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| A cell of the nervous system that receives information and transmits it to other cells by conducting electrochemical impulses. |
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| A chemical that is stored in the terminal of an axon and that, when released, activates receptors of other neurons. |
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Definition
| When the presentation of a consequence after a behavior decreases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again |
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| An event that, when presented after a response, increases the likelihood of that response. |
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| A procedure for studying how organisms learn about the consequences of their own voluntary actions (also called instrumental conditioning). |
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| a rule used to determine when particular behaviors will be reinforced |
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| Continuous Reinforcement Schedule |
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Definition
| When a behavior is followed by reinforcement every time it occurs |
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| Partial Reinforcement Schedule |
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Definition
| When a behavior is followed only some of the time after |
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| Partial Reinforcement Schedule: Fixed Ratio |
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Definition
• Requires a certain NUMBER of responses before reinforcement occurs
• The number of responses required before reinforcement is FIXED
• It produces a steady and consistent rate of responding because the reinforcement is predictable |
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| Partial Reinforcement Schedule: Variable-ratio |
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Definition
• Also requires a certain number of responses before reinforcement. However the number required CHANGES and is not fixed
• It produces high rates of responding because the rewards are unpredictable |
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| Partial Reinforcement Schedule: Fixed-interval |
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Definition
• Reinforcement is provided to the first response that occurs after a FIXED amount of TIME has passed
• The pattern of responding that occurs is that it slows down after reinforcement and then increases as the time interval comes to an end |
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| Partial Reinforcement Schedule: Variable-interval |
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Definition
• In this type of schedule, the amount of time before reinforcement CHANGES and is NOT fixed
• Steady responding pattern |
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Definition
| Electrical polarization that ordinarily occurs across the membrane of an axon that is not undergoing an action potential. |
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| A stimulus that you can perceive in more than one way. |
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| The ability of a stimulus to influence our behavior even when it is presented so faintly or briefly or along with such strong distracters that we do not perceive it consciously. |
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| A forebrain area that relays information to the cerebral cortex. |
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| Bear = fear then arousal then running and screaming |
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| records changes in heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and galvanic skin response (sweat) to detect if someone is telling the truth |
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| Emotion: James-Lange Theory |
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| Bear = running then arousal then fear |
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| Emotion: Cannon-Bard Theory |
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| Bear = Brain simultaneously produces bodily arousal and fear |
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| Emotion: Schachter's Cognitive Theory |
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Definition
| Emotion occurs when we apply a particular label to general physical arousal |
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Definition
| The observable response that is produced automatically, prior to training, on presentation of an unconditioned stimulus. |
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| A stimulus that automatically leads to an observable response prior to any training. |
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| Gestalt Principle of Proximity |
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Definition
| to perceive objects that are close together as belonging to a group |
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| Gestalt Principle of Similarity |
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Definition
| to perceive objects that resemble each other as belonging to a group |
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| Gestalt Principle of Continuation |
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Definition
| the tendency to fill in the gaps in an interrupted line |
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| Gestalt Principle of Closure |
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Definition
| the tendency to imagine the rest of an incomplete, familiar figure |
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| Gestalt Principle of Common Fate |
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive objects as being part of the same group if they change or move in similar ways at the same time |
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| Gestalt Principle of Good Figure |
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive simple, symmetrical figures |
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| hindbrain structure that is active in controlling movement, especially rapid motor skills that require precise timing |
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| We perceive motion when an object moves relative to the background |
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