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| an organized group of people who share a common culture |
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| a total way of life of a given group of people |
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| knowlege, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group is an example of.... |
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| the process by which we learn our culture |
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| Funtionalists view culture as the "glue" that holds society together, while popular culture can be a factor in antisocial behavior and numerous subcultures may result in discord from lack of agreement on core values. Functionalist perspective focuses on the needs of society and the fact that stability is essential for society's survival; there is an overemphasis on harmony and cooperation. |
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| how does the funtionalist perspective contribute to the understanding of culture? |
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| A strength of the conflict perspective is that it stresses how cultural values and norms may perpetuate social inequalities. It also highlights the inevitability of change and the constant tension between those who want to maintain the status quo and those who desire change. A limitation is its focus on societal discord and the divisiveness of culture. |
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| how does the conflict perspective contribute to the understanding of culture? |
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| Highlights how people maintain and change culture through their interactions with others; does not provide a systematic framework for analyzing how we shape culture and how it, in turn, shapes us. Does not provide insight into how shared meanings are developed among people; doesn't take into account the many situations in which there is disagreement on meanings. Often fails to take larger, macrolevel social structures into account. |
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| how does the symbolic interactionist perspective contribues to the understanding of culture? |
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| Functionalist Perspectives |
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| Culture helps people meet their biological, instrumental, and expressive needs. (what perspective?) |
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| Ideas are a cultureal creation of society's most powerful members and can be used by the ruling clas to affect the thoughts and actions of members of other classes (perspective?) |
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| Symbolic interactionist perspectives |
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| People create, maintain, and modify culture during their everyday activities; however, cultural creations can take on a life of their own and end up contolling people (perspective?) |
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| Much of culture today is based on simulation of reality (i.e. what we see on tv) rather than reality itself (perspective?) |
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| Anything that meaningfully represents something else. |
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| a set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another |
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| collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture |
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| established rules of behavior or standards of conduct |
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| physical and physiological traits - genetics (Ascribed - genetic) |
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| social/cultural traits; achieved/learned |
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| refers to a singular characteristic of the culture |
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| cluster of traits that go to make up a singular trait |
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| one that is advantaged and has superior resources and rights in a society |
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| group whose members, because of physical or cultural characteristics, are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominant group and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination |
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| a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of specific racial, ethnic, or other groups (can also be positive pre-judged attitude) |
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| overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories |
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| tendency to regard one's own culture and group as the standard - and thus superior - whereas all other groups are seen as inferior |
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| set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that is used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group |
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| defined on the basis of the groups power in sociology; subordinate group in terms of power i.e. women are in physical majority (numbers) but could be seen as minority in terms of power (power) |
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| overt behavior; involves actions or practices of dominant-group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group |
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| automobile, language, education, clothing, food, ....... |
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| List at least 10 traits associated with our culture (from lecture) |
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| the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share |
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| a component of culture that consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of society (such as attitudes, beliefs, and values) that influence people's behavior. |
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| refers to the values and standards of behavior that people in a society profess to hold |
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| refers to the values and standards of behavior that people actually follow |
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| appearance (clothes/hair); activities (sports, dancing, games joking, visting); social institutions (family/law/religion); customary practices (cooking, folklore, gift giving, hospitality) |
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| examples of cultural universals are... |
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| culturally defined acceptable choices (i.e. what kind of clothes to wear) |
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| examples of cultural alternatives are... |
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| not everybody can posess it (i.e. law enforcement: not everyone can make an arrest) |
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| examples of cultural specialties are... |
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| a category of people who share distinguishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture |
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| a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles |
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| little or no change in this subculture (ex. Amish; reservation indians) |
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| subculture that is gradually absorbed by the dominant culture (ex: immigrant groups) |
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| 1950's beatniks; 60's flower children; 70's druggies; Ku Klux Klan; neo-Nazi skinheads; nonmainstream religious sects, or cults that establish communes, etc. |
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| examples of counterculture in our society |
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| Old Order Amish; Muslims; Generation Xers; motorcycle enthusiasts; Native Americans |
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| examples of several diff. American subcultures |
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| the belief that the behaviors and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture's own standards |
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| the practice of judging all other cultures by one's own culture (based on the assumption that one's own way of life is superior to all others.) |
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| collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture |
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| informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture; rules for conduct but not essential for society's survival. Examples: using deodorant, brushing our teeth, wearing appropriate clothing |
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| Strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture; based on clutural values and considered crucial to the well-being of the group, violators are subject to more severe negative sanctions (ridicule, job loss, prison) for failing to adhere. Strongest of these are referred to as Taboos. |
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| mores so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable; punishable by the group or even a supernatural force. (ex: incest) |
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| formal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions. |
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| Norms are established rules of behavior and standards of conduct while values provide ideals or beliefs about behavior but do not state explicitly how we should behave. Symbols meaningfully represent beliefs. |
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| Norms, values, beliefs, symbols |
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| state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable |
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| state what behavior is inappropriate or unacceptable |
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1) Individualism
2) Achievement and success
3) Activity and work
4) Science and technology
5) Progress and material comfort
6)Efficiency and practicality
7) Equality
8) Morality and humanitarianism
9) Freedom and liberty
10) Racism and group superiority |
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| List some of the major values in American culture. |
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| refers to the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance. |
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| external - criminal justice system (police, courts, prisons); internal - takes place through socialization |
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| a social condition in which people experience a sense of futility because social norms are weak, absent, or conflicting. |
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| deviance clarifies rules; unites a group; promotes social change |
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| 3 things deviance does are... |
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| a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs (birth/socialization of children; goods/services produced & distributed; order preserved; sense of purpose maintained) |
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| disbalane or dislocation that occurs between related parts of the culture that are a result of differential rate of change (1 part of culture is changing more rapidly than the other) |
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| socially defined position in a group or society characterizd by certain expectations, rights, and duties |
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| comprises all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time |
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| is a social position conferred at birth or rec'd involuntairly later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender |
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| social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort |
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| most important status a person occupies |
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| material signs that inform others of a person's specific status |
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| set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status |
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| a group's or society's definition of the way a specific role ought to be played |
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| how a person actually plays the role |
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| occurs when incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time |
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| occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies |
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| occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity |
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| consists of 2 or more people whol inetact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence |
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| small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion -based interactions over an extended period of time |
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| larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationsihps for a limited period of time |
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| a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals |
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