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exam 2 miriah
psych exam 2 miriah
295
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/18/2010

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Term
stressors
Definition
specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person's well-being.
Term
stress:
Definition
the physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors
Term
health psychology
Definition
the subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health
Term
chronic stressors
Definition
sources of stress that occur continuously or repeatedly
Term
according to the college undergraduate stress scale, which of the following events is most stressful?
Definition
getting married
Term
a person living in an area where there is considerable traffic, noise, crowding, and pollution is exposed to what kinds of stressors?
Definition
chronic stressors
Term
two groups are exposed to loud noise while trying to solve a puzzle. group a is instructed they can stop the noise by pushing a button, whereas group b is told nothing. Group A's puzzle-solving performance will
Definition
become better than group B's
Term
fight or flight response
Definition
an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action
Term
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Definition
a three stage physiological response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered
Term
catecholamines
Definition
biochemicals indicating the activation of emotional systems. (ephinephrine and norepinephrine, which increase the sympathetic nervous ststem activation (increase heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate) and decrease parasympathetic activation
Term
the ___ activates the _____ gland to release _____. the ____ travels through the bloodstream to activate the ____ glands to release _____ and ____ which energizes the fight or flight response.
Definition
hypothalamus, pituitary, ATCH, adrenal, catecholamines, cortisol
Term
cortisol
Definition
horomone that increases the concentration of glucose in the blood to make fuel available to the muscles
Term
GAS stages
Definition
1. alarm phase equivilant to flight or fight response (body rapidly mobilizes to respond to threat-energy)
2. resistance phase (body adapts to its high state of arousal as it tries to cope with the stressor-stops digestion, growth, sex drive, menstration, testosterone, sperm decrease)
3. exhaustion phase (the body's resistance collapses-leads to infection, tumor growth, aging, irreversible organ damage or death)
Term
immune system
Definition
a complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses and foreign substances
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
white blood cells that prduce antibodies that fight infection
Term
type A behavior pattern
Definition
the tendency toward easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings.
Term
type A behavior pattern
Definition
the tendency toward easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings.
Term
how stress causes a heart attack
Definition
stress activated arousal of the sympathetic nervous system, blood pressure goes up and stays up, and this gradually damages the blood vessles. the damaged vessels accumuate plaque and the more paque, the greater the likelihood of coronary heart disease.
Term
___ and coronary heart disease are linked
Definition
hostility
Term
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Definition
a disorder characterized by chronic phsiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind
Term
___ a stressor you believe you might not be able to overcome or a ___ a stressor you feel fairly confident you can control
Definition
threat, challenge
Term
what structure in the brain might be an indicator for susceptibility to PTSD?
Definition
hippocampal volume
Term
burnout
Definition
a state of physicall, emotional and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lower performance and motivation
Term
repressive coping
Definition
avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint
Term
rational coping
Definition
facing a stressor and working to overcome it.
Term
when a person feels threatened, a chain of events occurs within the nervous and endocrine systems to prepare the body for action. this reaction starts in the
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
in hans selye's general adaption syndrome, the alarm phase is equivalent to
Definition
the fight or flight response
Term
development of heart disease is linked to which psychological characteristic?
Definition
hostility
Term
a person who is experiencing physical, emotional, or mental exhaustion and reduced performance and motivation due to long-term involvemnt in an emotionally demanding situation is experiencing
Definition
burnout
Term
rational coping 3 step process
Definition
acceptance, coming to realize that the stressor exists and cannot be wished away
exposure, attending to the stressor, thinking about it, and even seeking it out
understanding, working to find the meaning of the stressor in your life.
Term
reframing
Definition
finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat
Term
stress inoculation training
Definition
a therapy that helps people to cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about the situation
Term
relaxation therapy
Definition
a technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body
Term
relaxation response
Definition
a condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate and breathing rate and bood pressure
Term
biofeedback
Definition
the use of eternal monitoring divice to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function
Term
what are benifits of exersize?
Definition
produce seratonin
Term
what are benifits of exersize?
Definition
produce seratonin
Term
what are benifits of exersize?
Definition
produce seratonin
Term
what are benifits of exersize?
Definition
produce seratonin
Term
social support
Definition
the aid gained though interacting with others
Term
women release this hormone when stressed
tend and befriend
Definition
oxytocin -nuture others, create and maintain cooperative groups
Term
humor mitigates stress b
Definition
diffuse unpleasent situations and bad feeling
Term
avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor, and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint is called
Definition
repressive coping
Term
if you experience anxiety at the thought of public speeking, a recommended technique is to picture the audience sitting there with no clothes on this is an example of
Definition
reframing
Term
according to the research of shelly taylor, a woman is least likely to respond to stress by doing which of the following?
Definition
taking a long drive by herself
Term
a hormone that appears to be involved i the tend and befriend response to stress is
Definition
oxytocin
Term
memory
Definition
the ability to store and retrieve information over time
Term
encoding
Definition
the process by which we transform what we percieve, think, or feel into enduring memory
Term
storage
Definition
the process of maintaining information in memory over time
Term
storage
Definition
the process of maintaining information in memory over time
Term
encoding
Definition
the process by which we transform what we percieve, think, or feel into enduring memory
Term
storage
Definition
the process of maintaining information in memory over time
Term
retrieval
Definition
the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored
Term
elaborative encoding
Definition
the process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory
Term
memory is like cooking or photo?
Definition
cooking, you start from a recipe but imporvising along the way some old and new info, mix shake bake ( you construct it)
Term
semantic judgements
rhyme judgements
visual judgements
Definition
meaning of the word hat
hat and cat
is HAT written in upper or lower case?
Term
which type of judgement had better memory of the word? semantic, rhyme or visual?
Definition
semantic
Term
what part of the brain is activated in each?
semantic
organizational
visual
Definition
semantic=lower left frontal lobe
organizational upper left frontal lobe
visual=occipital lobe
Term
visual imagery encoding
where does it take place in the brain?
Definition
the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures
in the occipitial lobe
think of remembering a grocery list by going through your house pillow=popcorn
Term
orgizational encoding
what part of the brain?
Definition
the act of categorizing information by noticing the relationships among a series of items
upper surface of the left frontal lobe
waitress: hot drinks, cold drinks, hot food, cold food, or hirearchy of animal/plant
Term
the process of transforming information into a lasting memory is called
Definition
encoding
Term
the process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory is called
Definition
elaborative encoding
Term
research described in the textbook found that servers in restaurants remember their orders by relying on
Definition
organiational encoding
Term
visual imagery encoding occurs in which part of the brain?
Definition
occipitial lobe
Term
memory storage
Definition
the process of maintaining information in memory over time
Term
memory storage
Definition
the process of maintaining information in memory over time
Term
sensory memory store
Definition
the place in which sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less
Term
iconic memory
Definition
a fast-decaying store of visual information
Term
echoic memory
Definition
a fast-decayng store of auditory information
Term
short-term memory store
Definition
a place where nonsensory information is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute
Term
rehearsal
Definition
the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it
Term
chunking
Definition
combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in shortt-term memory
Term
working memory
Definition
actively maintenance of information in short-term storage
Term
long-term memory store
Definition
a place in which information can be kept for hours, days, weeks or years
Term
anterograde amnesia
Definition
the inhability to transfer new information from the short-term memory store to the long-term store
like the man who had seziures-got his hippocampl removed
Term
retrograde amnesia
Definition
the inhability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation
Term
we can generally remember __ digits, numbers or words
Definition
7
Term
this region is critical for putting new information into long term memory
Definition
hippocampal region
an 'index' that links together all of these otherwise separate bits and pieces so that we remember them as one memory (sight, sound, smells, emotion)
the index explains why people like HM cannot make new memories but why they can remember old ones
Term
long-term potentiation (LTP)
Definition
enhanced neural processing that results from the strengthening of synaptic connections
Term
a fast-decaying store of visual information is called
Definition
iconic memory
Term
short-term memory can hold about __ meaninful items at once
Definition
7
Term
the region of the brain called the ___ plays an important role in long-term memory storage
Definition
hippocampus
Term
enhanced neural processing that results from the strengthening of synaptic connections is called
Definition
long-term potentiation
Term
retrieval cue
Definition
external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind
Term
encoding specificity principle
Definition
the idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which information was initally encoded
under water on land
Term
state-dependent retrieval
Definition
the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval
(happy/sad)
Term
transfer-appropriate processing
Definition
the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when we process information in a way that is appropriate to the retrieval cues that will be available later
Term
trying to recall vs sucessfully recalling
Definition
regions in the left frontal lobe show heightened activity when people try to retrieve info
successfully rememberin a past experience tends to be accompanied by activity in the hippocampal region
Term
you are more likely to recall a happy event in your life when you are in a happy mood this illustrates
Definition
state-dependent retrieval
Term
your textbook suggests that sitting in the same seat in a classroom every day, including exam day, may help you retrieve information learned in class when taking your exam. this illustrates
Definition
encoding specificity principle
Term
tryint to recall a melody involves the __ whereas successuflly recallling the melody involves the ___
Definition
right frontal lobe, hippocampus and temporal lobe ??? is the book wrong?
Term
explicit memory
Definition
the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences
Term
implicit memory
Definition
the influence of past experiences on later behavior and preformance even though people are not tring to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them
Term
procedural memory
Definition
the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or knowing how to do things
Term
priming
Definition
an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimilus
Term
semantic memory
Definition
a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
Term
episodic memory
Definition
the collection of past personal experiences that occured at a particular time and place
Term
remembering how to ride a bike or tie your shoelaces illustrates
Definition
procedural memory
Term
an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus such as a word or object as a result of recent exposure to the stimulus is called
Definition
priming
Term
almost all american schoolchildren know that 4th of july celebrates the signing of the declaration of independence this illustrates
Definition
semantic memory
Term
7 sins of memory
Definition
transience, absentmindedness, blocking, memory misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence
Term
transience-
retroactive interference and proactive interference
Definition
forgetting what occurs with the passage of time
retroactive-forgetting what you did last monday (events smoosh together)
proactive intereference: remembering where you usually park your car vs where you actually did
Term
retroactive interference
Definition
occurs when later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier
forgetting what you did last monday (events smoosh together)
Term
proactive intereference
Definition
earlier learning impairs memory for information later acquired
remembering where you usually park your car vs where you actually did
Term
absentmindedness
prospective memory
Definition
a lapse in attention that results in memory failure
dividing attention less activity in the lower left frontal lobe-where elaborate encoding takes place
Term
prospective memory
Definition
remebering to remember
Term
blocking
Definition
a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it
not being able to reproduce an actor's name
Term
name blocking is associated with damage to parts of the ____ lobe
Definition
left temporal lobe on the surface of the cortex, most often as a result of a stroke
Term
memory misattribution
Definition
assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
sweet/needle demonstration in class
timothy mcveigh case
primary cause of eyewitness misidentifications
Term
source memory
Definition
recall of when, where and how information was acquired
could be the cause of deja vu
Term
people with damage to their ____ are especially prone to misattribution errors
Definition
frontal lobes
frontal lobes play a sign role is effortful retrieval process, which are required to dredge up the correct source of a memory
Term
suggestibility
Definition
the tendency to incorporate misleading info from external sources into personal recollections
thinking they saw the plane crash into the building
the car crashes
you can make people think differenlty about their childhoods
Term
bias
Definition
the distorting influenes of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences
when you are happy you recall things being better than they were
Term
consistency bias
Definition
bias to reconstruct the past to fit the present
in 1973 you give your answers to what you think about issues
in 1983 you give you answers to what you thought you felt like in 1973, but it was really what you felt in 1983
Term
change bias
Definition
tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past
you think you are more in love as you stay together longer
Term
egocentric bias
Definition
the tendency to eaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect
you think you were more anxious before a test than you actually were
Term
persistence
Definition
the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget
Term
flashbulb memories
key player in emotional response to events
Definition
detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events
amygdala-activate stress related horomones such as adrenaline and cortisol
where you were when you heard about 911
Term
people with amygdala damage remember emotional events ___ as non emotional events
Definition
they do not remember them any better
Term
if you carry out the same work each day, by the time friday comes, it may be difficult to recall what you did monday-it blends this illustrates
Definition
retroactive interference
Term
when trying to recall the name of a book you read last summer, you feel that the answer is on the tip of your tounge this is a classic example of
Definition
blocking
Term
in 1993, a cargo plane crashed into apartment building near amsterdam-the kids though they'd seen the film of the plane crashing, no such film exists, this is an example of
Definition
suggestibility
Term
students sometimes remember feeling more anxious before exams than they actually reported at the time this illustrate the memory failure called
Definition
egocentric bias
Term
learning
Definition
some experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
Term
habituation
Definition
a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a timulus results in a gradual reduction in responding
Term
___ is defined as an experience that results in a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior
Definition
learning
Term
andi lives near the flight path of a large airport. at first she was keenly aware of the loud roar of the hets-now she no longer notices th sound
Definition
habituation
Term
most behaviorists in the mid-20th century argued that
Definition
all learning is an observable activity
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
when a neural stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response
pavlov's dogs learned to salavate at the sound of a bell
Term
unconditioned stimulus
Definition
something that reliably produes a naturally occuring reaction in an organism
presentation of food
Term
unconditioned response
Definition
a reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
dog's salavation
Term
conditioned stimulus
Definition
a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism
ticking of the metradome
Term
conditioned response
Definition
a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produce by a conditioned response
salavation to the bell
Term
acquisition
Definition
the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together
Term
extinction
Definition
the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the uS is no longer presented
Term
spontaneous recovery
Definition
the tenency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest peroid
Term
generalization
Definition
a process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightyly different from the original one used during acquisition
Term
discrimination
Definition
the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli
Term
central nucleus
Definition
in the amygdala also critical for emotional specifically fear conditioning
if the connections between the amygdala and the hypothalamus aree severed, the autonomic responses associated with fear cease
if connections linking the amygdala to the midbrain are disrupted, the rat does not exibit the behavioral freezing response
Term
expectation
Definition
robert rescorla and allan wagner theroized that classical conditioning only occurs when an animal as learned to set up an expectation
they predicted that conditioning would be easier when the Cs was an unfamiliar event
Term
biological preparedness
Definition
a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others
Term
when you make noise with your can opener in the kitchen, but no longer follow the noise with a bowl of dog food, your dog will stop running into the kitchen at the sound of the can opener. your clever dog is displaying
Definition
extinction
Term
every time little albert reached out to touch the cute white rat, the experimenter startled albert with a loud noise. soon little albert feared not only the rat but also a white rabbit a fur coat, and a santa claus mask. the phenomenon is called
Definition
generalization
Term
the classical conditioning of fear involves which area of the brain?
Definition
amygdala
Term
jeff loved chili dogs, but one day he ate one and soon after became violently ill. after that, the mere sight or smell of a chili dog made jeff nauseous. jeff's nauesa is an example of
Definition
conditioned response
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future
thordike's puzzle box for cats
Term
law of effect
Definition
the principle that behaviors that are followed by a 'satisfying state of affairs' tend to be repeated and those that produce an 'unpleasent state of affairs' are less likely to be repeated
Term
operant behavior
Definition
behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment
skinner's skinner rat box
Term
reinforcer
Definition
any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
Term
punisher
Definition
any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
Term
positive
Definition
for situations in which stimulus was presented
Term
negative
Definition
for situations in which stimulus was removed
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
where someting desirable is presented
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
where something undesirable is removed
like the absence of a shock
Term
positive punishment
Definition
where something unpleasant is administered
Term
negative punishment
Definition
where something disirable is removed
Term
primary reinforces
Definition
food, comfort, shelter, warmth-they help satisfy biological needs
Term
secondary reinforcers
Definition
derive their effectiveness from their associations with primary reinforcers through classical conditioning
money
Term
overjustification effect
Definition
when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior
too much reinforcement
rewards backfire-like giving a group of children 'good player certificates' they spent even less time on drawings when they were removed
Term
discriminative stimulus
Definition
if a pigeon is reinforced for pecking a key whenever a particular tone is sounded but never reinforced if the tone is absent, the tone will become a discriminative stimulus-stimulus that is associated with reinforement for key pecking in that situation
Term
stimulus control
Definition
develops when a particular response only occurs when the appropriate stimulus is present
shows both discrimination and generalization

pigeons pecking to art work
Term
major difference:
classical conditioning responses are usualy ____, behaviors that an animal _____ displays. operant conditioning can produce ____ ____ behaviors.
Definition
hardwired, already, brand-new
Term
shaping
Definition
learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior

shamu doing a bunch of ticks
Term
superstitions
Definition
pigeons doing odd things with 15 second intervals in skinner box

tiger wears his 'firce' red shirt

stench causes home runs
Term
fixed interval schedule
Definition
an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed time peroids, provided that the appropriate response is made

undergraduates studying hard just before exams
Term
variable interval schedule
Definition
an operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement

radio station promotions and giveaways

the next reinforcement is unpredictable
Term
ratio schedules produce slightly ____ rates of responding than fixed ratio schedules
Definition
higher,

primarily because there's always the possibility of a reward after the very next response even if reinforcement was just obtained
Term
why ratio schedules encourage high and consistant rates of responding
Definition
the number of rewards recieved is directly related to the number of responses made
Term
fixed ratio schedule
Definition
an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made

buy 5 breads get one free!
Term
variable ratio schedule
Definition
an operant conditioing principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses

why casinos stay in business
Term
intermittent reinforcement
Definition
an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

they produce behavior that is much more resistant to extinction than a continuous reinforcement schedule

the more irregular and intermittent a schedule is, the more difficult it becomes for an organism to detect when it has actually been placed on extinction
Term
intermittent reinforcement effect
Definition
the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement
Term
latent learning
Definition
a condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future

the control rat group that recieved no reinforcemet during the first 10 days then had a dramatic increase on the 12th day with reward-they were learning and tended to make fewer errors than the group that got rewards from the begining
Term
medial forebrain bundle:
a pathway from the ___ through the _____ into the nucleus accumbens
these pathways are _____
Definition
midbrain, hypothalamus, dopaminergic
they secrete dopamine

rats will work to stimulate this pathway at the expense of food

are the most suceptible to stimulus that produces pleasure
Term
fmri studies show increased activit in the ___ ____ when men see pictures of attractive women
Definition
nucleous accumbens
Term
3 major pleasure centers in the brain
Definition
nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bunde, hypothalamus
Term
congnitive map
why are they challenge to behaviorism?
Definition
a mental representation of the physical features of the environment

rats in the maze, changed it around and they did well yet

it shows that operant conditioning involves much more than an animal responding to a stimulus-there is a strong cognitive component
Term
rat goes to left arm after it gets food in right arm of maze.. this puzzles behavorists
Definition
consistant with a rat's evolutionary preparedess-they are foraging animals-they already got the food out of the right arm
Term
which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
food, shelter, warmth, money
Definition
money
Term
some college students do relatively little work until just before the upcoming exam, when they engage in
Definition
fixed interval
Term
the neurons in the ___ are crucial to behaviors associated with pleasure, such as eating drinking and sexual activity
Definition
medial forerain bundle
Term
__ is a condition in which something is learned but not manifested in a behavioral change until sometime in the future
Definition
latent learning
Term
observational learning
Definition
a condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others
Term
what do mirror neurons do?
Definition
play a crucial role in the imitation of behavior as well as the prediction of future behavior

they contribute to observational learning
Term
after watching her 4 yr old brother burn his hands on a hot stove, isabel refused to even go near the stove. her behavior is best explained by the concept of
Definition
observational learning
Term
mirror neurons in the brain fire :
Definition
when an individual either preforms an action or watches someone else preform that action
Term
implicit learning
Definition
learning that takes plae largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition
resistant to various disorders
sneaks in under the wires
Term
the areas that increase during explicit learning

areas that decreased brain activity after implicit learning
Definition
left temporal lobe, right frontal lobe, pariental lobe
prefrontal cortex, pariental cortex, hippocampus, and a variety of other areas known to be associated with the processing of expicit memories

occipital region
Term
learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition is known as
Definition
implicit learning
Term
which is true?
people with hight iq's are better implicit learners
implicit learning decreases across lifespan
people show large individual differences in implicit learning
amnesic patients with explicit learning problems still show normal implicit learning
Definition
amnesic patients with explicit learning problems still show normal implicit learning
Term
individuals who are given implicit instructions show decreased activity on which part of the brain
Definition
occipitial region
Term
language
Definition
a system for communicating with others using signs that convey meaning and are combined accordingly to rules of grammar
Term
phoneme
Definition
the smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than as random noise
Term
morphemes
Definition
the smallest meaningful units of language
a, ed, ous
Term
grammar
Definition
a set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages
Term
deep structure
Definition
the meaning of a sentence
Term
surface structure
Definition
how a sentence is worded
Term
fast mapping
Definition
the fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure
Term
nativist theory
Definition
the view that language development is best explaned as an innate biological capacity
Term
language acquisition device (LAD)
Definition
a collection of processes that facilitate language learning
Term
genetic dysphasia
Definition
a syndrome characterized by an ability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence
Term
the sentence the dog chased the cat and the cat was cahsed by the dog have __ structure and ___ surface structure
Definition
same, different
Term
on the day 2 year old isabel helped her father build bookshelves, she added the words board, measuring tape, and dowel to her vocabulary after her first encounter with these objects this is an example of
Definition
fast mapping
Term
a collection of processes that facilitate language learning is called
Definition
a language aquisition device
Term
damage to wernicke's area results in
Definition
great dificulty in understanding language
Term
concept
Definition
a mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events or other stimuli
Term
category specific deficit
Definition
a neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside the category undisturbed
Term
family resemblance theory
Definition
members of a category have features that appear to be characteristics of category members but may not be possessed by every member
Term
prototype
Definition
the best or most tpical member of a category
Term
exemplar theory
Definition
a theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgements by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the same category
Term
rational choice theory
Definition
the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the outcome, and then multiplying the two
Term
an ability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside that category is called
Definition
category-specific deficit
Term
the best or most typical member of a category is called
Definition
prototype
Term
a thory of categorization that says we make category judgements by comparing a new instance with store memories for other instances of the category is called
Definition
exemplar theory
Term
conjunction fallacy
Definition
when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event
Term
framing effects
Definition
when people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased or framed
Term
sunk-cost fallacy
Definition
a framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation
Term
prospect theory
Definition
proposes that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains
Term
intelligence
Definition
a hypothetical mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, and learn from their experiences
Term
consider the following description, paul is a 42 years old, married, and extremely intelligent. in college, she majored in english and served as a writing tutor. which state of affair is most probable
Definition
paula works in a bookstore
Term
claire spent 100 for a nonrefundable ticket to a play. then she found out her granddaughter's first dance recital was that day. claire really wanted to go to the recital but felt obligated to go to the play. she was displaying:
Definition
sunken cost fallacy
Term
which view states that people choose to take on risks when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains
Definition
prospect theory
Term
ratio IQ
Definition
a statstic obtained by dividing a person's mental age by the person's physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100
Term
deviation IQ
Definition
a statistic obtained by dividing a person's test score by the average test score of people in the same age group and then multiplying the quotient by 100
Term
factor analysis
Definition
a statistic technique that explains a large numbeer of correlations in terms of a small number of underlying factors
Term
two-factor theory of intelligence
Definition
spearman's theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a general ability (which he called g) and skills that are specific to the task (which he called s)
Term
fluid intelligence
Definition
the ability to process information
Term
crystallized intelligence
Definition
the accuray and amount of information available for processing
Term
isabel is 3 years old. her mental ages is 5. what is her ratio IQ?
Definition
167
Term
intelligence tests predict ____ better than they predict anything else
Definition
school preformance
Term
the theory that every task requires combination of a general ability and skills that are specific to the task is known as the ___ theory
Definition
two-factor
Term
the accuracy and amount of information available for processing is called
Definition
crystallized intelligence
Term
prodigy
Definition
a person of normal intelligence who has an extraordinary ability
Term
savant
Definition
a person of low intelligence who has an extraordinary ability
Term
savant
Definition
a person of low intelligence who has an extraordinary ability
Term
identical twins
Definition
also called monozygotic twins twins who develop from the splitting of a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm
Term
fraternal twins
Definition
also called dizygotic twins, twins who develop from two different eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm
Term
heritability coefficient
Definition
a statistic commoly denoted as h^2, that describes the proportion of the difference between people's scores that can be explained by differences in their genetic makeup
Term
the genetic influence on intelligence is illustrated by the finding that
Definition
identical twins reared apart are more similar than fraternal twins reared apart
Term
across all populations about 50% of the difference between people's intelligence test scores is due to
Definition
genetic differences between them
Term
females who are asked their gender before a math test tend to do more poorly thatn if htey were not asked their gender because
Definition
they feel anzious about confirming gender stereotypes that women can't do math, which interferes with their preformance
Term
across all populations about 50% of the difference between people's intelligence test scores is due to
Definition
genetic differences between them
Term
__ intelligence is likely to be stable over time, while ___ intelligence is likely to change
Definition
relative, absolute
Term
developmental psychology
Definition
the study of continuity and change across the lifespan
Term
zygote
Definition
a single cell that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg
Term
embryonic stage
Definition
the peroid of prenatal development that lasts from the second week until about the eighth week
Term
germinal stage
Definition
the 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception
Term
fetal stage
Definition
the peroid of prenatal development that lasts from the ninth week until birth
Term
myelination
Definition
the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a brain cell
Term
teratogens
Definition
agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses-monster makers
Term
fetal alcohol syndrome
Definition
a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy
Term
infancy
Definition
the stage of development that beings at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months
Term
developmental psychology is the study of
Definition
continuity and change across the life span
Term
during the embryonic stage, what occurs?
Definition
the heart beings to beat
Term
what is true of vulnerability to teratogens
Definition
Vulnerability is greatest in the early stages of pregnancy
Term
motor development
Definition
the emergence of the ability to execute physical action
Term
reflexes
Definition
specific patters of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation
Term
cephalocaudal rule
Definition
the top to bottom rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in a sequence form the head to the feet
Term
proximodistal rule
Definition
the inside to outside rule that descrives the tendency for motor skills to emerge in a sequence from the center to the periphery
Term
cognitive development
Definition
the emergence of the ability to understand the world
Term
sensorimotor stage
Definition
a stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy in which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it
Term
schemas
Definition
theories about or models of the way the world works
Term
assimilation
Definition
the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations
Term
accommodation
Definition
the process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information
Term
object permance
Definition
the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible
Term
childhood
Definition
the stage of development that begins at about 18 mo to 24 months and lasts until adolesence
Term
preoperational stage
Definition
the stage of development that beings at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years, in which children have a preliminary understanding of the phyical world
don't grasp they have minds or others do-egocentrism, where would maxi look for the chocolate? in the place they had last seen it-not maxi (3 year olds not 5 year olds)
Term
concrete operational stage
Definition
the stage of development that beings at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years, in which children acquire a basic understanding of the physical world and a preliminary understanding of their own and others' minds
know that the number of objects doesn't change when those objects are rearragned
understand conservation
Term
conservation
Definition
the notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance.
Term
infant experiences world through movement and senses, develops schemas, beings to act intentionally, and shows evidence of understanding object permance
Definition
sensorimotor
birth-2
Term
child acquires motor skills but does not understand conservation of physical properties. child begins this stage by thinking egocentrically but ends with a basic understanding of other minds
Definition
preoperational
Term
child can think logically about physical objects and events and understands conservation of physical properties
Definition
concrete operational
Term
child can think logically about abstract propositions and hypotheticals
Definition
formal operation
Term
zone of proximal development
Definition
at any stage a child is capable of acquiring a range of skills children who interact with teachers tend to be higher in their range
Term
social referencing
Definition
communication requires that infants look at adults to gauge their reactions
Term
joint attention
Definition
at 9-15 months when they begin looking at the point in space to which an adult's eyes are directed
Term
imprinting
Definition
tendency to follow after their mother from the minute they are born
Term
attachment
Definition
an emotional bond
Term
internal working model of attachment
Definition
a set of expectations about how the primary caregiver will respond when the child feels insecure
Term
temperaments
Definition
characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity
Term
avoidant attachment style
Definition
they are generally not distressed when their caregiver leaves the room and do not acknowledge when she returns
Term
secure attachment
Definition
when a caregiver returns, infants who had been distressed by the caregiver's absence go to her and are calmed by her proximity
Term
ambivalent attachment stle
Definition
they are almost always distressed when their caregiver leaves the room, but then rebuff their caregiver's attempt to calm them when she returns
Term
disorganized attachment style
Definition
with no consistent pattern of responses when their caregiver leaves or returns
Term
realism to relativism
Definition
regard moral rules as real to realize that some moral rules are inventions and that groups of people an therefore agree to adopt them, change them, or abandon them entirely
Term
prescriptions to principles
Definition
moral rules as guidlines for specific actions in specific situations to see that rules are expressions of more general principles such as fairness and equality
Term
shift from outcomes to intentions
Definition
an unintentional action that causes great harm seems 'more wrong' than an intentional action that causes slight harb because young children tend to judge the morality of an action by its outcome rather than by hat the actor intended-- to begin to see the morality of an action is critically dependent on the actor's state of mind
Term
pre conventional stage
Definition
a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor
Term
conventional stage
Definition
a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the event to which it conforms to social rules
Term
post conventional stage
Definition
a stage of moral development at which the morality of an action is determine by a set of general principles that reflect core values
Term
moral intuitionist perspective
Definition
our moral judgments are the consequences-and not the causes-of our emotional reactions
Term
in terms of motor developmetn, babies gain control over their ___ before they gain control over their ____
Definition
head, trunk
Term
a girl sees a butterfly and says Bird! no, that's a butterfly. the next time the girl sees a buttterfly she says butterfly according to piaget, she has just shown:
Definition
accomidation
Term
baby maria pays without a fuss when her mom leaves and up her return ignores her. what attachment style?
Definition
avoidant
Term
for lawrence kohlberg, the sequence of moral development unfolds in the following order: emphasis on ___, then emphasis on ___, and finally emphasis on _____
Definition
consequences, social roles, ethical principles
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