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EXAM 2 Chapter 8
NA
40
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
03/25/2009

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Term
status
Definition
the prestige that goes along with ones social position
status power: teens with no power create social world
consumerism
Term
social stratification
Definition
inequalities among individuals and gropus within human societies
class
status
power
Term
structured inequalities
Definition

individuals and groups enjoy unequal access to rewards on the basis of their position within the stratification scheme

--> build into the system 

Term

systems of stratification (reasons for division)

--> all socially stratified systems share characteristics 

Definition

1. rankings apply to social categories of people who share a comon characterisitc without identifying with each other

2. people's life experiences and opportunities depend heavily o nhow their social category is ranked

 -->opportunities pased on different social ranking

3. The ranks of different social categories tend to change very slowly over time

--> women achieving equality 

Term
slavery
Definition
extreme form of inequality where certain people are owned as property
Term
caste system
Definition

social system with no mobility

--> parental caste, race, religion 

Term
endogamy
Definition
marriage within ones social caste as law
Term
caste system in India and South Africa
Definition

-brahmins: scholars+ spiritual leaders

- ksyatriyas: socliders + rulers

- vaisyas: farmers +merchants

- shudras: laborers and artisans

--> dalits: untouchables 

Term
class
Definition
larger group of peopel who occupy a similar economic position in the wider society
Term
life chances
Definition
opportunities you have for achieving economic prosperity
Term
class systems from slavery and castes in 4 respects
Definition

1. class systems are fluid --> established by law or religion --> boundaries aren't clear-->no restrictions on marriage

2. class positions are in some pat achieved --> mobility

3. class is economically based

4. class systems are large scale and impersonal 

Term
Kuznets Curve
Definition

a formula showing that inequality increases during the early stages of capitalist development, declines and then levels off

- inequality goes up when economy is indistrial power

- inequality goes down when economy becomes late industrial

- post industrial economy inequality goes up again 

Term
Income
Definition

wages and salaries from paid occupations, plus unearned money from investments

--> all richer than past counterparts put unequal distribution of income 

Term
wealth
Definition
all assets individuals own: cash savings checking real estate
Term
upperclass
Definition
the very wealthiest Americans 5%
Term
Middle Class
Definition

diverse group of occupations, lifestyles, and peole who earn stable and sometimes substantial incomes at primarily white collar jobs (drs, lawyers, professors)

upper middle--> 15%

lower middle --> 40% 

Term
the working class
Definition

primarily blue collar workers and pink collar laborers

20% 

Term
the lower class
Definition

people who work part time or not at all

15% 

Term
the underclass
Definition
beneath the class system in that they lack access to the world of work and main stream behavior patterns
Term
social mobility
Definition
the movement of indivdiuals and gropus between different class positions and a result of changes in occupation, wealth, or income
Term
intragenerational mobility
Definition
people's own careers how far they move up or down the socioeconomic scale in the course of their working life
Term
intergenerational mobility
Definition
mobility across generations
Term
exchange mobility
Definition
exhcange of positions, such that more talented people in each generation move up the economic heirarchy, while less talented people move down
Term
structural mobility
Definition

upward mobility made possible by an expansion of better-paid occupations at the expense of more poorly paid ones

--> based on economy where economy creates more or less better paying jobs 

Term
industrialism hypothesis
Definition

societies become more open to movement between classes as they become more technologically advanced

--> workers increasingy get jobs because of skill not ascription 

Term
ascription
Definition
placement in particular social status basedon characteristics like family, race, gender
Term
vertical mobility
Definition
movement along the socioeconomic scale
Term
short-range downward mobility
Definition
(individual) move from one job to one of nearly equal status
Term
absolute poverty
Definition
a person or family simply can't get enough to eat
Term
relative poverty
Definition
poverty defined according to the living standards of the majorit in any given soceity
Term
working poor
Definition
people who work but their income is not high enough to lift them out of poverty
Term
feminization of poverty
Definition
an increase in the proportion fo the poor who are female
Term
culture of poverty
Definition

poverty is not a result of individual inadaquacies but it the otucome of a larger social and cultural atmosphere into which successive generations of children are socilized

- it refers to the values, beliefs, lifestyles, habits, and traditions that are common among people living under conditions of material deprivation 

Term
dependency culture
Definition
describes individuals who rely on the state welfare provisions rather than entering labor market from paternalistic welfare state that undermines ambition
Term
contradictory class locations
Definition
positions in the class structure that share characteristics of classes below and above (lower managerial and white collar)
Term
social closure
Definition
any process where groups try to maintain exclusive control over resource, limiting access to them
Term
Marx beliefs of inequality
Definition

class inequality is related to means of production

--> when some people own means of production

--> must socialize 

Term
Weber beliefs of inequality
Definition

-agrees with Marx that means of production has impact on equality

 - but also--> status: presige level and

power: peoples influence over others 

Term
Davis+Moore beliefs of inquality
Definition

Funcationalists

--> consider inequality to be justified part of economic  system

--> harder jobs with more skill deserve better pay

- any soceity has number of jobs to be filled and has alot of peopel so much match talent with jobs 

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