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| function of sound wave intensity |
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| provides info about nature or complexity of the sound |
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| structure of the inner ear containing the receptors necessary for transducing auditory info to elecrtical energy |
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| sensory organ for the auditory system |
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| branch of the auditory nerve that transmits auditory info to the brain;receives info from the Organ of Corti |
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| coding of frequencies by different locations within the cochlea |
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| coding of frequencies by the rate of firing of neurons in the auditory system |
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| the frequency of complex tones that occurs;different portions of the cochlea respond to each overtone |
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| difference in arrival times of sound waves at each eardrum |
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| recognition that particular patterns of constantly changing activity belong to different sound sources (can differentiate between different sounds) |
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| provide info about what is happening on the surface of the body and inside it |
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| perception of body position and posture |
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| perception of bodys own movements |
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| sensory receptors located within the inner organs of the body |
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| caused by mechanical deformations of the skin |
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| respond to the indentation of the skin |
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| respond to rapid vibrations |
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| touch sensitive organs;respond to low frequency vibration |
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| also sensitive to indentation of the skin (adjacent to sweat ducts) |
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| highly localized ( can precisely detect location on our skin where we are being touched) |
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| detect any stimulus thats potentially harmful |
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1.high threshold mechanoreceptors that respond to intense pressure, stretching, or pinching
2. respond to extreme heat, acids, and presence of capsaicin
3. TRPA1 receptors that are sensitive to pungent irritants (these chemicals produce inflammation) |
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bitterness
sourness
sweetness
saltiness
umami-ability to taste proteins in food |
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| branch of the facial nerve transmitting taste info from front part of the tongue |
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| nucleus of the solitary tract |
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Definition
| nucleus in the medulla receiving info from the gustatory system |
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Definition
| contains cilia of the olfactory receptors |
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| end of the olfactory tract that receives input from the olfactory receptors |
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| neuron in the olfactory bulb that receives olfactory info |
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| number of olfactory receptors |
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| how many scents can a human recognize? |
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| structure in the olfactory bulb made of axons form the olfactory receptor neurons (responsible for sending info from the cilia to olfactory cortex) |
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| skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
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| attached to bones via tendons |
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| limb movement that bends joints |
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| limb movement that straightens joints |
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| responsible for force exerted by contraction of skeletal muscle |
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| functions as a stretch receptor |
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| nonstriated muscle controlled by autonomic nervous system |
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| multiunit smooth muscle, single unit smooth muscle |
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| in large arteries, hair follicles,and eye |
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| single unit smooth muscle |
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| in gastrointestinal system, uterus, and small blood vessels |
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Definition
| built like striated muscle but functions like smooth muscle |
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| monosynaptic stretch reflex |
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Definition
| muscle contracts in response to being quickly stretched |
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| system by which the cns controls and modifies muscle sensitivity |
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| capable of altering the sensitivity to stretch |
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| relaxed gamma motor neurons |
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Definition
| produce intrafusal muscle fibers that are insenstive to stretch |
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| active gamma motor neurons |
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Definition
| produce intrafusal muscle fibers that are more sensitive to strech |
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| what determines whether gamma motor neurons are active or relaxed? |
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Definition
| depends on whether the muscle gets resistance on stretch/movement |
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| spinal reflexes involving multiple synapses |
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| occurs when force is applied to flex or extend the limb of an animal showing decerebrate rigidity |
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| involuntary extension of the upper extremities in response to external stimuli (occurence indicates brain stem damage) |
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| muscle whose contraction produces a particular movement (works with muscles to produce an action or movement) |
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| muscle whose contraction resists/reveses a particular movement |
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| what causes movement in particular parts of the body? |
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Definition
| activation of neurons in particular parts of the primary motor cortex |
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| 2 groups of tracts which control movement in the primary motor cortex? |
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Definition
| lateral group and ventromedial group |
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| tracts involved in grasping objects, face and tongue movement, and movement of the forearms and hands (lateral to spinal cord and involved in independant limb movements) |
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| tracts for posture, coordination of eye with trunk and head, walking, and locomotion and posture (in front of spinal cord and involved in automatic movements) |
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| role of the motor association cortex |
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| planning and initiating movements |
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| involved in planning of movements or motor actions |
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| involved in learning and executing complex movements guided by sensory info |
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| role of the mirror neuron system |
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| imitating and comprehending movements |
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| neuron in the ventral premotor cortex and inferior parietal lobule that respond when a particular movement is made or when one sees another make that movement |
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| region in the medial posterior parietal cortex that plays a critical role in control of pointing or reaching with the hands |
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| disorders associated with difficulty in carrying out purposeful movements |
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| movement of the wrong part of the limb, incorrect movement of the correct part, or correct movements but in the incorrect sequence (due to damage in the left parietal hemisphere) |
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| difficulty in drawing pictures (caused by lesions to right parietal lobe) |
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| resting quietly; not aroused or excited |
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| person is alert and attentive to events in environment;thinking actively |
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1st stage of sleep
theta activity:transistion between sleep and wakefulness |
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10 mins in
sleep spindle and k complex |
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| short brain activity bursts; occurs 2-5 times through first four stages of sleep |
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only found in stage 2;trigerred by unexpected noises
prevents sleeper from awakening |
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stage 3-slow wave brain activity
referred to as slow wave sleep |
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45 mins in
delta activity:more than 50%
deepest level of sleep |
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rapid eye movement-occurs around 90 mins in
dreaming, rapid eye movements and muscular paralysis occur. who ever is awakened in this state will report dreaming because brain is very active |
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| when does mental activity occur during sleeping? |
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Definition
| during rem and slow wave sleep |
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| most nightmares occur at this stage |
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| complete paralysis during waking (rem paralysis kicks in a wrong time) |
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| paraysis just prior to sleep |
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| hypnagogic hallucinations |
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| vivid dreams just prior to sleep (dreams while lying awake paralyzed) |
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| rem sleep behavior disorder |
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Definition
| individual fails to become paralyzed during rem stage and acts out dreams |
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| problems associated with slow wave sleep |
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Definition
| nocturnal enuresis and somnambulism |
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| sleep reated eating disorder |
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| eating during sleepwalking without remembering |
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| functions of slow wave sleep |
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Definition
| essential for survival, allow brain and body to recuperate |
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| fatal inherited disorder characterized by progressive insomnia |
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| neuromodulator released by neurons engaged in high levels of metabolic activity |
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| neurotransmitter that plays an important role in arousal of the cerebral cortex |
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| neurotransmitter that plays an important role in vigilance(release upon waking up) |
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| neurotransmitter that plays a role in activating behavior |
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| neurotrasmitter implicated in the control of wakefulness and arousal |
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Definition
| has an excitatory effect on a number of brain regions |
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| neural control of slow wave sleep |
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Definition
| ventrolateral preoptic area:neurons that suppress alertness and behavioral arousal and promote sleep |
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| neural control of rem sleep |
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Definition
| acetylcholine:plays important role |
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Definition
| daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process |
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| stimuli/external cues that resets the biological clock responsible for circadion rhythms example:daylight |
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| hypothalamic nucleus containing the biological clock for many of the bodys circadian rhythms |
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| photopigment in retinal ganglion cells that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus |
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| the season of the year influences how much light is produced which influences biological clock |
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| produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms |
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| hormone secreted during the night by the pineal gland (plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms) |
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| behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal |
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| muscular movements appropriate to situation that elicits emotion (defending yourself against an intruder) |
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| facilitate behaviors and provide quickl mobilization of energy for vigorous movement (heart rate increases in order to support increased activity) |
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| reinforce autonomic responses (hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine increase blood flow) |
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| amygdala (fear/aggression center), involved in various human emotional responses |
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| conditioned emothional response |
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| involved in the extinction of conditioned emotional responses |
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| threat behavior and defensive behavior |
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| stereotypical species behavior warning another animal that it may be attacked |
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| stereotyped behavior shown by an animal in response to threat by another |
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Definition
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| ventromedial prefrontal cortex |
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Definition
| plays a role of complex analyses of social situations |
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Definition
| hormones involved in development of sex organs and sex characteristics |
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| which hemisphere is important for the comprehension of emotion |
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| important for emotion recognition, especially for facial recognition |
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| abillity of a person who cannot see objects in his visual field to accurately identify facial expression of emotion without conscious perception of them |
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| james lange theory of emotion |
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Definition
| suggests that behaviors and physiological responses are directly elicited by situations and that feelings of emotions are produced by feedback from these behaviors and responses |
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