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| modification through experience of preexisting behavior and understanding |
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| process of adapting to stimuli that do not change |
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| procedure in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that elicits a reflex or other response until the neutral stimulus alone comes to elicit a similar response |
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| stimulus that elicits a response without conditioning |
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| automatic or unlearned reaction to a stimulus |
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| the originally neutral stimulus that, through pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response |
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| the response that the conditioned stimulus elicits |
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| gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by an unconditioned stimulus |
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| quick relearning of a conditioned response following extinction |
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| reappearance of the conditioned response after extinction and without further pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus |
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| phenomenon in which a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus |
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| process through which individuals learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each one |
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| higher-order conditioning |
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| phenomenon in which a conditions stimulus acts as a unconditioned stimulus, creating conditioned stimuli out of events associated with it |
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| law stating that if a response made in the presence of a particular stimulus is followed by satisfaction, that response is more likely the next time the stimulus is encountered |
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| process through which an organism learns to respond to the environment in a way that produces positive consequences and avoids negative ones |
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| response that has some effect on the world |
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| stimulus event that increases the probability that the response that immediately preceded it will occur again |
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| stimuli that strengthen response if they follow the response |
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| unpleasant stimuli, such as pain, that strengthen a response if they are removed following that response |
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| process through which a particular response is made more likely to recur |
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| type of learning in which an organism learns to make a particular response in order to terminate an aversive stimulus |
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| type of learning in which an organism responds to a signal in a way that prevents exposure to an aversive stimulus |
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| discriminative conditioned stimuli |
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| stimuli that signal whether reinforcement is available if a certain response is made |
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| process of reinforcing responses that come successively closer to the desired response |
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| reinforcers that meet an organism's basic needs, such as food and water |
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| reward that people or animals learn to like |
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| pattern in which a reinforcer is delivered every time a particular response occurs |
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| pattern in which a reinforcer is administered only some of the time after a particular response occurs |
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| fixed-ratio (FR) reinforcement |
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Definition
| partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement following a fixed number of responses |
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| variable-ratio (VR) reinforcement |
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Definition
| partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement after a varying number of responses |
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| fixed-interval (FI) reinforcement |
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Definition
| partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement for the first response that occurs after some fixed time has passed side the last reward |
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| variable-interval (VI) reinforcement |
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Definition
| partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement for the first response after varying periods of time |
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Definition
| operant conditioning, rules that determine how and when certain responses will be reinforced |
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Definition
| gradual disappearance of operant behavior due to elimination of rewards for that behavior |
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| partial reinforcement effect |
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Definition
| phenomenon in which behaviors learned under a partial reinforcement schedule are more difficult to extinguish than behaviors learned on a continuous reinforcement schedule |
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Definition
| presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a pleasant stimulus |
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| learning that responses do not affect consequences, resulting in failure to try to exert control over the environment |
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| learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs |
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| mental representation of the environment |
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| sudden understanding about what is required to solve a problem |
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| observation learning (social learning) |
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| learning how to perform new behaviors by watching others |
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| conditions that allow us to learn by watching what happens to others |
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