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| kind of defense that is mediated by phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, the inflammatory response, and natural killer (NK) cells; present before exposure to pathogens and is effective from time of birth |
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| kind of defense that is mediated by B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes; it exhibits specificity, memory, and self-nonself recognition; (adaptive immunity) |
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| natural killer (NK) cells |
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| type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity |
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| type of lymphocyte that develops to maturity in the bone marrow; after encountering an antigen, B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells, the effector cells of humoral immunity |
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| type of lymphocyte, including the helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells, that develops to maturity in the thymus; after encountering an antigen, T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity |
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| a type of lymphocyte that, when activated, kills infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted cells |
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| type of T cell that, when activated, secrete cytokines that promote the response of B cells (humoral response) and cytotoxic T cells (cell-mediated response) to antigens |
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| foreign molecule that is specifically recognized by lymphocytes and elicits a response from them |
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| general term for a surface protein, located on B cells and T cells, that binds to antigens, initiating acquired immune responses |
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| antigen receptor on B cells: a Y-shaped, membrane-bound molecule consisting of two identical heavy chains and to identical light chains containing to antigen-binding sites; (immunoglobulin antibody) |
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| protein secreted by plasma cells (B cells) that binds to a particular antigen and marks it for elimination (immunoglobulin); Y-shaped |
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| antigen recetor on T cells; a membrane-bound molecule consisting of one α chain and one β chain containing one antigen binding site |
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| small portion of antigen that is recognized by lymphocytes |
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| process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates only those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen; selected lymphocyte reproduces rapidly into effector cells and memory cells (accounts for specificity and memory) |
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| short-lived cells that combat antigens |
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| short-lived clones of T cells that are immediate attackers of antigens |
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| anti-body secreting effector cell of humoral immunity; arises from antigen-stimulated B cells |
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| one of a clone of long-lived lymphocytes, formed during the primary immune response; mount the secondary immune response |
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| initial acquired immune response to an antigen, which appears after a lag of about 10-17 days |
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| secondary immune response |
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| acquired immune response elicited on second or subsequent exposures to a particular antigen; more rapid and of greater magnitude and of longer duration |
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| found in all nucleated cells; collection of cell surface proteins encoded by a family of genes called the major histocompatibility complex |
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| restricted to a few specialized cell types called antigen presenting cells; collection of cell surface proteins encoded by a family of genes called the major histocompatibility complex |
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| process by which an MHC molecule binds to a fragment of an intracellular protein antigen and carries it to the cell surface, where it is displayed and can be recognized by a T cell |
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| branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids |
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| cell-mediated immune response |
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| branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted cells |
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| surface protein, present on most helper T cells, that binds to class II MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells, enhancing the interaction between the T cell and the antigen presenting cell |
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| group of proteins secreted by a number of cell types (including macrophages and helper T cells) that regulate the function of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system |
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| surface protein, present on most cytotoxic cells, that binds to class I MHC molecules on target cells, enhancing the interaction between the T cell and the target cell |
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| most abundant type of white blood cell; phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days |
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| phagocytic cell present in many tissues that function in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell |
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| type of white blood cell with low phagocytic activity that is thought to play a role in defense against parsitic worms by releasing enzymes toxic to these invaders |
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| antigen-presenting cell located mainly in lymphatic tissues and skin, that is particularly efficitent in presenting antigesn to naive helper T cells, thereby initiating a primary immune response |
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| protein that has antiviral or immune regulatory functions; secretions help nearby cells ressit viral infection (α and β); secretion λ helps activate macrophages |
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| group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse pathogens; activated in a cascade initiated by surface antigens or by antigen-antibody complexes |
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| localized innate immune defense triggered by physical injury or infection of tissue in which changes to nearby small blood vessels enhance infiltration of white blood cells, antimicrobial proteins, and clotting elements that aid in tissue repair and destruction of invading pathogens; (systemic = fever and increased production of white blood cells) |
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| enzyme in sweat, tears, and saliva that attacks bacterial cell walls |
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| vertebrate body cell that produces histamine and other molecules that trigger the inflammatory response |
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| substance released by mast cells that causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable during an inflammatory response |
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| antibodies inactivate pathogens by blocking and binding to them |
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| increased phagocytosis; markers (antibodies) attract phagocytic cells |
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| long-lasting immunity conferred by the action of a person's B cells and T cells and the resulting B and T memory cells specific for a pathogen; develop as a result of natural infection or immunization |
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| short-term immunity conferred by the administration of ready-made antibodies or the transfer of maternal antibodies to a fetus or nursing infant; lasts only a few weeks or months |
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| attack against a patient's body cells by lymphocytes received in a bone marrow transplant |
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| exaggerated response to environmental allergen |
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| acute, whole-body, life-threatening, allergic response |
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| immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against itself |
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| environment substance that is recognized by the body as an antigen |
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| AIDS - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
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| name of the late stages of HIV infection, defined by a specified reduction of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections |
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| HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) |
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| infectious agent that causes AIDS; retrovirus |
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| anti-HIV antibodies are present in the blood |
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