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| source of oxygen, it is typically air for terrestrial animals and water for aquatic organisms |
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| part of an animal where gases are exchanged with the environment |
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| any method of increasing contact between the respiratory medium and the respiratory surface |
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| opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss |
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| gas exchgange system of branched, chitin-lined tubes that infiltrate the body and carry oxygen directly to cells in insects |
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| voice box, containing the vocal cords |
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| one of a pair of stringlike tissues in the larynx, air rushing past the tensed vocal cords makes them vibrate, producing sounds |
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| windpipe; that portion of the respiratory tube that has C-shaped cartilagenous rings and passses from the larynx to two bronchi |
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| one of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs |
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| one of the fine branches of the bronchus that transport air to alveoli |
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| one of the dead-end, multi-lobed air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs |
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| positive pressure breathing |
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| a breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs |
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| negative pressure breathing |
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| breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs |
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| sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals; active in ventilating the lungs |
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| volume of air an animal inhales and exhales with each breath |
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| maximum volume of air that a respiratory system can inhale and exhale |
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| amount of air that remains in the lungs after forcefully exhaling |
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| site of gas exchange in bird lungs; alow air to flow past the respiratory surface in just one direction |
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| breathing control centers |
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| brain center that directs the activity of organs involved in breathing |
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| measure of the concentration of one gas in a mixture of gases; the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases |
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| protein that transports most of teh oxygen in blood |
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| type of respiratory pigment that uses copper as its oxygen-binding component; hemocyanin is found in the hemolymph of arthropods and many molluscs |
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| lowering of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, caused by a drop in pH; facilitates the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the vicinity of active tissues |
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| oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in mucsles cells |
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| uptake of oxygen from environment; discharge of carbon dioxide to environment |
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| variously shaped outfoldings of the body surface specialized for gas exchange |
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| helps to prevent alveoli from collapsing by lowering surface tension of water |
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| alternate inhalation and exhalation of air |
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| extensive pouch that serves as the site of extracellular digestion and a passageway to disperse materials throughout most of an animal's body |
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| fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid |
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| invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues |
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| closed circulatory system |
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Definition
| blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid |
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| closed circulatory system witha heart and branching network or arteries, capillaries, and veins (characteristic of vertebrates) |
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| chambers that receive blood returning to the vertebrate heart |
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| chambers that pumps blood out of a heart |
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| flaps that allow for unidirectional blood flow |
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| vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body |
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| vessels that convey blood between an artery and a capillary bed |
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| microscopic blood vessels that penetrates the tissues and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells that allows exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid |
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| vessels that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein |
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| vessel that returns blood to the heart |
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| network of capillaries that infiltrate every organ and tissue in the body |
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| one pathway (sluggish pathway) |
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| two pathways (ensures virgorous blood delivery) |
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| route of circulation that directs blood to the skin and lungs |
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| branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs and then returns oxygen-poor blood to right atrium via the veins |
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| valves in the heart between the right atrium and right ventricle where electrical impusles are delayed for about .1 seconds before spreading to the ventricles and causing them to contract |
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| valve located at the two exits of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle |
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| rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood forced through the arteries by contractions of the ventricles during systole |
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| rate of heart contractions |
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| alternating contraction and relaxations of the heart |
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| stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle contracts and the chambers pump blood |
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| stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle is relaxed, allowing the chambers to fill with blood |
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| volume of blood pumped per minute by the left ventricle of the heart |
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| amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each direction |
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| specialized regioin of the right atrium of the mammalian heart that sets the rate of contraction; also called the sinoatrial node |
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| region of the heart composed of specialized muscle tissue that sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract; pacemaker |
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| one of the channels through which eletrical signaling is passed from atria to ventricles for heart pumping |
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| one of the channels through which electrical signaling is passed from atria to ventricles for heart pumping |
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| one of the channels through which electrical signaling is passed from atria to ventricles for heart pumping |
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| record of the electrical impulses that travel through cardiac muscle during the heart cycle |
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| innermost, simple squamous layer of calles lining the blood vessels; the only constituent structure of capillaries |
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| hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel |
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| movement of water due to a difference in pressure between two locations |
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| system of vessels and lymph nodes separate from the circulatory system, that returns fluid proteins and cells to the blood |
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| colorless fluid, derived from interstitial fluid, in the lymphatics system of vertebrates animals |
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| organ located along a lymph vessel; filter lymph and help attack viruses and bacteria |
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| red blood cells; contains hemoglobin, which functions in transporting oxygen in the circulatory |
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| iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen |
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| white blood cells; typically functions in immunity, such as phagocytosis or antibody production |
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| small enucleated blood cell important in blood clotting; derive from large cells in the bone marrow |
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| catalyzes fibrinogen into fibrin |
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| activated form of the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen, which aggregates into threads that form the fabric of the clot |
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| human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by excessive bleeding following injury |
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| clump of platelets and fibrin that blocks the flow of blood through a blood vessel |
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| produce replacement blood cells |
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| hormone produced in the kidney when tissues of the body do not receive enough oxygen; hormone stimulates the production of erythrocytes |
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| diseases of the heart and blood vessels |
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| death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from prolonged blockage of one or more coronary arteries |
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| death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head |
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| cardiovascular disease in which growths called plaques develop in the inner walls of the arteries narrowing their inner diameters |
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| hardening of plaques in blood vessels (calcium deposits); means can't strech as much which means can't store as much energy |
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| chronically high blood prssure within the arteries |
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