Term
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Definition
| one long molecule of DNA twisted around histones (proteins) |
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Term
| how many chromosomes do we have? and how many of each type? |
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Definition
| 46 chromosomes found in each cell... 23 types (1 from mom, 1 from dad) |
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Term
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Definition
| A always binds with T and G always binds with C |
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Term
| DNA has how many types of bases? What are they? |
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Definition
| 4 bases (Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine) |
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Term
| How many molecules of DNA are in a non-replicated chromosome? If replicated? |
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Definition
| 1... if replicated then two |
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Term
| What connects the two strands of DNA together? |
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Definition
| phosphate and sugar (backbone) and paired bases (rungs) |
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Term
| Why are genes special from other segments (fillers)of the DNA molecule? |
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Definition
| Each gene has info to make one protein |
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Term
| How do chromosomes, genes, and DNA relate to eachother? |
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Definition
| Genes are sections of DNA and DNA bundles around histones to make chromosomes |
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Term
| How can a scientist know if a section of DNA is a gene or not? |
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Definition
| Genes are sandwiched between promoters (starters) and terminators (enders) |
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Term
| What do non-gene sections of DNA do? |
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Definition
| Some are fillers with no known function, some is redundant, some control the genes |
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Term
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Definition
| the entire DNA sequence of a species |
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Term
| What were the goals of the Human Genome Project? |
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Definition
1. Find the sequence of bases on all nuclear DNA molecules
2. Find which sections of DNA are genes |
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Term
| The Human Genome Project did not.. |
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Definition
| tell us which gene belongs to a specific genetic disease or trait |
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Term
| A gene has the information for making how many proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does a liver cell have the genes for eye color? |
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Definition
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Term
| All body (somatic) cell in a person have the same... |
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Definition
DNA molecules
chromosomes
genome
genes
sequence of bases
alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| different "versions" or sequences of a gene |
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Term
| Do all women have the same genes? Do all women have the same versions of those genes? |
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Definition
| Yes.... no different versions |
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Term
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Definition
| Using DNA to answer questions |
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Term
| What are the steps for DNA Fingerprinting? |
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Definition
1. Isolate DNA from Individuals
2. Cut DNA with Restriction Enzymes
3. Visualize DNA pieces on gel |
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Term
| How do we visualize DNA on a gel? |
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Definition
1. cut DNA is loaded into wells(holes in gel)
2. An electrical Current is applied
3. DNA is negatively charged so it moves toward the positive end
4. Shorter DNA fragments move faster |
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Term
| What are restriction enzymes and how do they work? |
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Definition
| Proteins made by bacteria that bind to specific DNA sequences and cuts the DNA at that sequence |
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Term
| the 4 Uses for DNA Fingerprinting are |
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Definition
1. Forensics (DNA from crime scenes to the suspects DNA)
2. Paternity testing (analyzes DNA fingerprint to identify parents)
3. Historical Analysis (finds likely identity of historical figures)
4.Diagnose inherited disease(mutations change the restiction enzye cutting sites) |
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Term
| How is it that all of our cells have the same DNA? |
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Definition
| Cell Division using Mitosis |
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Term
| What are the steps in DNA replication? |
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Definition
1.The strands seperate
2.free nucleotides attach to the strands
3.proteins repair some mistakes |
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Term
| Can mistakes in DNA replication be repaired? By what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do cells divide (two reasons)? |
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Definition
1. allows for growth
2. allows for maintenance |
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Term
| Are the chromosomes in a homologous pair identical? |
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Definition
| nope... they have the same genes but they each can have different versions of those genes |
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Term
| Does Mitosis=Cell Division? |
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Definition
| No...cytokinesis has to take place also |
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Term
| What purpose does the spindle have in mitosis? |
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Definition
| pulls the sister chromatids apart |
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Term
| Women in a family have a tendency to get breast cancer. Do they have the breast cancer gene? |
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Definition
| They may have the mutated genes that go alone with breast cancer.. but breast cancer takes more mutations to get |
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Term
| 3 steps leading to cancer |
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Definition
1.Genes store information to make proteins
2.some proteins control cell division (proto-oncogene - normally produces protein that encourages cells to divide. and Tumor-supressing gene-protein that normally slows down cell division)
3.if genes are mutated and cells cant slow cell division (cells divide out of control) |
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Term
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Definition
| does not invade surrounding tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| invades surrounding tissue (kills healthy cells) (CANCER!) |
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Term
| How do cancerous cells differ from healthy cells? |
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Definition
| cancerous cells have an abnormal shape, abnormal membranes (dont adhere to other cells), abnormal nuclei, loss of cell specification, and invade surrounding healthy tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| cancer moves to new site (usually through blood or lymph system) |
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Term
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Definition
1.surgical removal
2.radiation therapy (internal and external exposure to localized, high doses of radiation)
3.Chemotherapy (uses drugs to stop cell division) |
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Term
| What are some future treatments? |
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Definition
1. Endostatin - blocks blood supply to tumors
2.stem cells - replace damaged tissue
3.gene therapy - replace damaged tissue
4.gene silencing - "turns off" mutated genes |
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Term
| How can we prevent cancer? |
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Definition
| Lifestyle choices - smoking/tanning/driniking increase mutations which increase cancer chances. Lifestyle choices like eating antioxidants decrease your chances |
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Term
| if all cells in our body have the same genes, how are all the cells made to look and function differently? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| turns genes off (sits on the promoter and blocks transcription) |
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Term
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Definition
| turns genes on (can bind to and remove represseor or required to start transcription) |
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Term
| what are the three differences between RNA and DNA? |
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Definition
RNA is
1. Single Stranded
2. ribose sugar (instead of deoxyribose)
3. Uracil replaces thymine |
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Term
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Definition
| passing information from DNA to mRNA |
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Term
| where does transcription take place |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| using the information in mRNA to make protein |
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Term
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Definition
| outside of the nucleus in ribosomes |
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Term
| if the DNA sequence changes during transcription, will the protein sequence change also? |
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Definition
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