Term
| what types of diseases account for 77% of global deaths in developing countries and 85% of global burden of disease in low and middle income countries? |
|
Definition
non-communicable diseases
CVD
cancer
diabetes |
|
|
Term
| what are the three preventable risk factors shared by diabetes, cancer, and CVD? |
|
Definition
physical inactivity
unhealthy diets
tobacco |
|
|
Term
| what percent of the world is not physically active? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the current minimum recommendation for adult physical activity? |
|
Definition
| 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise 5-7 days per week |
|
|
Term
match the percentages with the amount of the adult physical activity recommendation.
a. is met
b. less than minimum
c. <10 min per week of any LTPA
d. no LTPA in the last month
1. 15.6%
2. 24.6%
3. 45.9%
4. 38.5% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leisure Time Physical Activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aerobic Center Longitudinal Study |
|
|
Term
| what is the new minimum recommendation for youth physical activity? |
|
Definition
| 60 minutes of moderate intensity exercise 5-7 days per week |
|
|
Term
| T/F females are typically more active than males. |
|
Definition
false
males are more active |
|
|
Term
| what is the number one predictor of mortality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percentage of youth meet the physical activity recommendations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are epidemiological studies based on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| give an example of relative risk. |
|
Definition
one end of the spectrum is given the risk of 1, each other factor being compared is then relative to 1.
ie) in a study done looking at the risk of death by fitness groups, low, medium and high risk individuals were studied. In this case, the low risk individuals were awarded a 1, the medium and high risk were then compared to low relative to 1. |
|
|
Term
| T/F except for those who are completely inactive, increase physical fitness confers greater benefit than just increasing physical activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of activity must you participate in to improve cardiorespiratory fitness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F there is a larger correlation to physical fitness and physical activity. |
|
Definition
false
just because you are engaging in physical activity, does not mean that they activity is improving you cardiorespiratory fitness. |
|
|
Term
| T/F the stronger you are the longer you live. |
|
Definition
| true, based on 3 or 4 studies |
|
|
Term
| between strength and cardiorespiratory exercise, which has greater health benefits? |
|
Definition
| cardiorespiratory exercise has greater health benefits, but both should be performed |
|
|
Term
| which is more important being physically active or physically fit? |
|
Definition
| being physically fit shows a continuing decrease in RR of CVD/CHD |
|
|
Term
| T/F the same results for decreasing RR of CVD/CHD is seen in both men an women. |
|
Definition
false, only seen in men
The Women's Heath Study concluded that more vigorous activity was not associated with a lower right for CHD. |
|
|
Term
| with increased vigorous activity, is a decrease in RR of CHD seen in post-menopausal women? |
|
Definition
| no, some studies show that no association between activity or inactivity is seen with CHD and morality in women. |
|
|
Term
| what is important to note about women increase physical fitness? |
|
Definition
| increasing fitness in women appears to benefit men and women EQUALLY, suggesting that vigorous exercise does indeed benefit women. |
|
|
Term
| what are some issues faced when studying physical activity? |
|
Definition
definition of exercise intensity is not standardized
controlling for other factors (volume, frequency, mode, duration)
studies lack in specific populations
isolating the effects of physical activity is difficult |
|
|
Term
| name the improvements in cardiovascular and respiratory function in response to physical activity or exercise. (hint:7) |
|
Definition
1)increased VO2 max
2)lower minute ventilation
3)lower myocardial oxygen cost
4)lower HR and BP
5)increased capillary density
6)increased lactate threshold
7)increased exercise threshold for the onset of disease signs/symptoms |
|
|
Term
| name the benefits of regular physical activity or exercise. (hint:4) |
|
Definition
1)reduced resting BP
2)increase serum HDL and decreased triglycerides
3)reduces total body fat/intra-abdominal fat
4)reduced insulin needs/improved glucose tolerance |
|
|
Term
| what intensity exercise is recommended to lower blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is the minimum calories burned per week to sustain weight loss?
how many miles? |
|
Definition
2500 to 2800 per week
20-25 miles per week |
|
|
Term
| what type of exercise my create optimal outcomes of reducing insulin needs and improving glucose tolerance? |
|
Definition
| combination of aerobic and strength training |
|
|
Term
T/F it is predicted that by 2020, 1 in 8 adults will have diabetes.
if true, what can stop this? |
|
Definition
true
aerobic and anaerobic exercise will positively effect insulin and sugar |
|
|
Term
| what is majorly affected by atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of disease is atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
| inflammatory disease of the blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| what is the etiology of atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
| begin with a damaged/dysfunctional endothelium |
|
|
Term
| the endothelium is believed to be the most important ________ in the human body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what increases cardiac output? |
|
Definition
increases in stroke volume
increase left ventricle volume
increase in plasma volume
increase in venous return (End diastolic volume)
increased myocardial contractility |
|
|
Term
| to make changes in the periphery of the body what type of intensity exercise must be done? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are examples are aerobic changes in the periphery due to exercise? |
|
Definition
increased number and size of mitochondria
increase aerobic enzymes
increase in capillary density
increase hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| explain why aerobic exercise does not allow for large muscles? |
|
Definition
| with aerobic exercise there is an increase in capillary density, with means that oxygen is more readily available. Larger muscles require more time for the oxygen to get to the mitochondria and be utilized therefore, aerobic exercise does not allow for large muscles to allow for quicker delivery into the muscles |
|
|
Term
| what is calcium cycling? how is it affected by exercise? |
|
Definition
the heart uses extracellular Ca2+ to contract
the heart becomes very efficient at cycling Ca2+ to increase contractility |
|
|
Term
| how is the autonomic nervous system effected by aerobic exercise? |
|
Definition
| become more parasympathetic dominant |
|
|
Term
what is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?
when is it dominant? |
|
Definition
keeping HR low
keeping contractility low
at rest |
|
|
Term
what is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?
when is it dominant? |
|
Definition
increase HR
increase contractility
during exercise |
|
|
Term
| many people have hyperactive sympathetic nervous systems, what does this put them at an increased risk for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| someone who already suffers from acute or mild angina, how would aerobic exercise help them? |
|
Definition
increasing their pain threshold, being able to do more exercise before chest pain occurs
increase the angina threshold |
|
|
Term
| what is the equation for rate pressure product? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what does rate pressure product (double product) measure?
what can it predict? |
|
Definition
measures how hard the heart is working
can predict when the onset of angina will occur |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of increasing the angina threshold? |
|
Definition
| decreasing the resting HP and BP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the blood tugs on the epithelial lining |
|
|
Term
| what is a huge factor in decreasing LDL levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the benefits of a healthy endothelium? |
|
Definition
can protect from cholesterol
protect from clots
reduces vasoactive substances |
|
|
Term
| T/F healthy blood vessels favor vasoconstriction. |
|
Definition
false
unhealthy blood vessels favor vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the endothelium? |
|
Definition
1)provide selectively permeable barrier between blood and vessel wall
2)maintain non-thrombogenic surface
3)produce/release vase active substances
4)control smooth muscle cell growth and migration
5)control coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways |
|
|
Term
| why is the maintenance of smooth muscle cells in the endothelium so important? |
|
Definition
unrelaxed SMC cause vasoconstriction
large SMC constrict blood flow
SMC can form in the plaque and aid growth |
|
|
Term
| T/F a dysfunctional endothelium causes a reduction in vasomotor function, the first step in atherosclerosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three ways that exercise has been shown to improve endothelial and vasomotor function? |
|
Definition
1)improved Ca2+ cycling
2)greater nitric-oxide mediated vasodilation
3)exercise-induced expression of eNOS |
|
|
Term
| T/F exercise can cause the endothelium to increase in diameter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does sheer stress increase? |
|
Definition
Nitric-oxide levels
vascular remodeling |
|
|
Term
| how does exercise decrease morbidity and mortality? |
|
Definition
1)higher activity levels are associated with lower death rates from coronary artery disease
2)associated with lower incidence rates for combined cardiovascular diseases, coronary artery disease, cancer of the colon and type 2 diabetes |
|
|
Term
| in men what was seen with strenuous exercise and the risk of CHD? |
|
Definition
| the more physically active you are the lower your risk of CHD; however, the more strenuous the exercise the greater drop in risk was seen |
|
|
Term
| what does ACSM define vigorous exercise as? |
|
Definition
greater than 60% VO2 max or HRR
6METs |
|
|
Term
| what is the typical increase of VO2max? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was seen in women concerning risk of CHD? |
|
Definition
| a few studies showed that it did not matter the level of exercise performed that brisk walking for three hours a week and walking for one hour a week showed similar reductions in risk of CHD |
|
|
Term
| T/F in men and women, a 1 MET increase in fitness yielded a 15 to 20 risk reduction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of strokes are hemorrhagic? ischemic? |
|
Definition
~25% hemorrhagic
~75% ischemic |
|
|
Term
| T/F regular exercise has been shown to reduce the risk of stroke by as much as 50%. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during what type of exercise does the risk reduction appear to be greater? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what have meta-analyses showed in post-myocardial infarction patients? |
|
Definition
| cardiovasular and all-cause mortality are reduced in patients who participate in cardiac rehabilitation exercise training |
|
|
Term
| T/F most studies show that if you take up an exercise program you are likely to live longer and decrease you risk of MI. |
|
Definition
false,
you are likely to live longer, but it does not decrease you risk of MI. Taking up an exercise program increases you survival of a second MI |
|
|
Term
| what is the general adaptation syndrome? |
|
Definition
Hans Sellyeh
found in response to a physical vs. psychological stress the physiological response was the same |
|
|
Term
| what are some other benefits of exercise? |
|
Definition
1)increased fibrinolytic activity
2)improved vascular/endothelial function
3)control of coronary vasospasm
4)decreased anxiety/depression
5) enhanced feeling of well-being
6) enhanced performance of work, recreational and sports acitivities |
|
|
Term
| T/F exercise decreases your risk of what type of cancers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the factors of metabolic disease? |
|
Definition
abdominal fat
impaired glucose tolerance
high triglycerides
hypertension
low HDL |
|
|
Term
| what was shown in a study with patient with high risk of diabetes, one group given a placebo, one given metformin, and one placed on a lifestyle intervention plan? |
|
Definition
there was no change in the placebo group
the metaformin group had a 38% reduction of risk
the lifestyle intervention group had a 58% reduction of risk
this means the with just exercise pre diabetes patients were able to reduce their risk by 58% which means diabetes is preventable |
|
|
Term
| what type of exercise showed the biggest reduction of risk of diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some strategies for weight loss? |
|
Definition
1) combination of diet and exercise is the best
2)daily exercise is recommended
3)exercise program for weight loss should emphasize low impact, low intensity activities |
|
|
Term
| T/F physical activity is important to maintaining weight loss. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exercise, either alone or in combination with a diet, produces significant weight loss.
fact or fiction? |
|
Definition
fiction
in the absence of caloric restriction, intake of calories increases to compensate for calories expended |
|
|
Term
Exercise causes the resting metabolic rate to remain elevated for a long time, the burning more calories.
fact or fiction? |
|
Definition
fiction
increase RMR requires significant muscle mass increases |
|
|
Term
Exercise counters the diet-induced decrease in RMR.
fact or fiction? |
|
Definition
fiction
if you decrease calories and decrease RMR, then when you increase the calories again the low RMR results in weight gain |
|
|
Term
Moderate intensity exercise is better for weight loss because it burns more fat.
fact or fiction? |
|
Definition
fiction
high intensity exercise burns more calories which is better for weight loss |
|
|
Term
| what is the etiology of atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
| damaged or dysfunctional epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the endothelium? |
|
Definition
1)provides a selectively permeable barrier between blood and vessel wall
2)maintain nonthrombogenic surface
3)produce/release vasoactive substances
4)modulate smooth muscle cell growth and migration
5)modulate coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways |
|
|
Term
| give a brief timeline of atherosclerosis. |
|
Definition
dysfunctional endothelium->
foam cells->
fatty streak->
intermediate lesion->
atheroma->
fibrous plaque->
complicated lesion/rupture |
|
|
Term
| what are some causes of endothelial dysfunction? |
|
Definition
LDL cholesterol
Diabetes
Hypertension
Cigarette Smoking
loss of oesterogen |
|
|
Term
| what are some effects of endothelial dysfunction? |
|
Definition
vasoconstriction
growth
proliferation
blood cell adhesion
thrombosis
lipid accumulation |
|
|
Term
| what happens when LDL infiltrates the intema? |
|
Definition
| initiate inflammatory process |
|
|
Term
| give a detailed step by step account of how atherosclerosis works. |
|
Definition
1)dysfunctional endothelium-free radical damage
2)cholesterol begins to accumulate-beings the inflammatory process
3)monocytes sent to attack the LDL
4)accumulation of monocytes-triggered by MCP-1
5)monocytes are converted to macrophages-begin to release cytokines
6)endothelium produces adhesion molecules-VCam & ICAM
7)macrophages attach the LDL, but they don't leave (resident marcophages and eat the LDL)=foam cells
8)accumulation of foam cells
9)fatty streaks
10)intermediate lesion
11)atheroma
12)fibrous plaque
13)complicated lesion/rupture |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the blood vessel? |
|
Definition
tunica intema
tunica media
tunica adventitia |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the fibrous plaque? |
|
Definition
collagen matrix
smooth muscle cells
calcium |
|
|
Term
| what are the results of the atherosclerosis timeline? |
|
Definition
Angina
Heart Attack
Sudden Cardiac Death |
|
|
Term
| why is smaller plaque just as dangerous are large plaque? |
|
Definition
small fibrous plaque less likely to rupture than thin cap
atheroma is larger in smaller plaque meaning its less stable |
|
|
Term
| where does the plaque typically rupture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the fibrous cap of larger plaque? |
|
Definition
| over time it begins to break down under sheer stress constantly due to the increasing velocity of blood |
|
|
Term
| T/F plaque of the straights is more likely to rupture than plaque on the curve. |
|
Definition
false
plaque on the curve is more likely to rupture |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of metallo-protienase? |
|
Definition
| attacks the collagen and breaks it down |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the smooth muscle cells of larger plaque? |
|
Definition
| cells begin to die (apoptosis) and the fibrous cap beings to crack |
|
|
Term
| T/F it is better to look at LDL vs HDL than the total cholesterol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what determines if the fat is good or bad? |
|
Definition
| how it is packaged to dissolve in the blood |
|
|
Term
| what is apoliproprotein a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is apoliproprotein b? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the smaller the particle of fat, the less likely it is to get into the lining of the blood vessel. |
|
Definition
false
the smaller the particle the MORE likely it is to get into the lining of the blood vessel |
|
|
Term
| T/F 50% percent of adults in the US have high cholesterol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the numbers for total cholesterol?
desirable?
borderline?
high? |
|
Definition
desirable=<200 mg/dL
borderline=200-239 mg/dL
high=>240 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
what are the numbers for LDL cholesterol?
desirable?
borderline?
high? |
|
Definition
desirable=<130 mg/dL
borderline=130-159 mg/dL
high=>160 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| what are the three biggest consequences of plaque? |
|
Definition
angina
heart attack
sudden cardiac death |
|
|
Term
| T/F serum cholesterol is an important predictor of CHD mortality. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the numbers for HDL cholesterol?
low in men?
low in women? |
|
Definition
men: <40 mg/dL
women: <50 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| how does HDL protect the blood vessels? |
|
Definition
removes cholesterol from lining of the arteries
anti-inflammatory
antioxidant |
|
|
Term
| what is the ideal HDL cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you increase HDL cholesterol? |
|
Definition
drugs
aerobic exercise
alcohol (although there may be no benefit)
diet |
|
|
Term
| How many risk factors are required for the metabolic syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the LDL cholesterol goals based on risk category?
High?
Moderate?
Low? |
|
Definition
High: <100
Moderate: <130
Low: <160 |
|
|
Term
| Explain family history as a risk factor of metabolic syndrome? |
|
Definition
| CHD Death of a first degree make before the age of 55 or the death of a first degree female before the age of 65 |
|
|
Term
what is the goal number for LDL cholesterol based on risk?
high?
moderate?
low? |
|
Definition
high: <100
moderate: <130
low: <160 |
|
|
Term
| what is the equation for non-HDL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the goal numbers for non-HDL cholesterol based on risk?
high?
moderate?
low? |
|
Definition
high: <130
moderate: <160
low: <190 |
|
|
Term
| what are the total cholesterol ratios that determine high, moderate, and low risk individuals? |
|
Definition
high=5:1
moderate=4:1
low=3:1 |
|
|
Term
| T/F if a person has diabetes they are considered moderate risk for CHD. |
|
Definition
false
automatically high risk |
|
|
Term
| what does a risk profile show? |
|
Definition
| possibilities of having CHD |
|
|
Term
| what are the major risk factor that modify LDL goals? |
|
Definition
cigarette smoking
hypertension
low HDL cholesterol
family history
age |
|
|
Term
| describe family history as a risk factor for modifying LDL goals. |
|
Definition
| CHD death of a first degree male before the age of 55 or a first degree female before the age of 65 |
|
|
Term
| at what age are you considered an older adult and counts a risk for CHD? |
|
Definition
men at or over the age of 45
women at or over the age of 55 |
|
|
Term
| what affects HDL levels in the body? |
|
Definition
exercise
diet
weight loss
medications |
|
|
Term
| T/F triglycerides are not an independent risk factors for disease and mortality. |
|
Definition
false
it is an independent risk factor |
|
|
Term
| what happens to HDL levels when you lower triglycerides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the numbers for fasting serum triglyceride levels that classify you at normal, borderline high, high, and very high? |
|
Definition
normal: <150 mg/dL
borderline high: 150-199 mg/dL
high: 200-499 mg/dL
very high: >500 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| who typically has very high fasting serum triglycerides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F exercise will have a large effect on triglycerides. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F triglyceride levels are a greater predictor of CAD in men than women |
|
Definition
false
in women than in men |
|
|
Term
| what should be the first line of therapy to lower triglycerides? |
|
Definition
| exercise and diet modification |
|
|
Term
| what are the causes of elevated triglycerides? |
|
Definition
high fat diet
high alcohol intake
medications (steroids, beta-blockers, oral contraceptives)
old age
high weight
diabetes and other metabolic disorders |
|
|
Term
| what are the potential atherogenic mechanisms of elevated triglycerides? |
|
Definition
stimulates synthesis of prothrombic factors such as fribinogen
alters HDL metabolism resulting in small dense LDL
promotes vasoconstriction
increase expression of cell adhesion molecules
increase cholesterol levels |
|
|
Term
| a fatty diet is pro what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what effect do triglycerides have on HDL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a vacation of LDL cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| how do lipoproteins interact with plasmin? |
|
Definition
| inhibits the action of plasmin by taking up binding sites |
|
|
Term
| T/F lipoproteins are more likely to end up in the endothelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F lipoprotein levels are genetically determined.
if true, who has been shown to have higher levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what levels of lipoproteins are considered to be high?
what is the average level? |
|
Definition
greater than 30 mg/dL
15-20 mg/dL is average |
|
|
Term
| what do lipoproteins do to clot protection? |
|
Definition
| reduces the natural clot protection, which increases the chance of a clot embedding in the endothelium |
|
|
Term
| if you want to improve your cholesterol what is the first thing you should do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F it doesn't matter how much you smoke, how you smoke, or the type of tobacco. |
|
Definition
false
it DOES matter how much you smoke and how you smoke it
DOESN'T matter the type of tobacco |
|
|
Term
| what are the effects of smoking on cholesterol? |
|
Definition
raise bad cholesterol
lowers HDL |
|
|
Term
| what are some effects of cigarette smoking? |
|
Definition
independent cause of endothelial dysfunction
promotes oxidation of LDL
increases platelet aggregation
increases sympathetic nervous system activity |
|
|
Term
| cigarette smoking increase the sympathetic nervous system activity in the body, which releases catecholamines resulting in what? |
|
Definition
increase in BP 5-10mmHg
increase in HR 10-15 bpm
increase myocardial contractility
constriction of coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
| T/F cigarette smoking increases you risk of a MI and they are more likely to kill you. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first thing in the morning on a monday |
|
|
Term
what is type 1 diabetes affect?
what percent of all diabetes? |
|
Definition
the beta cells of the inlets of Lanferhans in which the body doesn't produce insulin
5-10% |
|
|
Term
what is type 2 diabetes?
what percent of all diabetes? |
|
Definition
a metabolic disorder in which the body cannot make enough or properly use insulin
90-95% |
|
|
Term
| what are the two biggest risks for diabetes? |
|
Definition
abdominal obesity
physical inactivity |
|
|
Term
| what is a better indicator of testing for diabetes blood sugar or insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is the diagnostic criteria for diabetes?
fasting glucose?
blood glucose?
non-fasting glucose? |
|
Definition
fasting glucose: >126mg/dL
blood glucose: >200mg/dL
non-fasting blood glucose: >200mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| what is impaired glucose tolerance? |
|
Definition
| a blood glucose of 140-199mg/dL in response to an OGTT |
|
|
Term
| what is impaired fasting glucose? |
|
Definition
| a fasting glucose of 100-125mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| impaired fasting glucose is a major risk factor of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the prediction of diabetes by 2050? |
|
Definition
| 1/3 of all americans will be diabetic |
|
|
Term
| what fraction of money a year goes to diabetes? |
|
Definition
| 1/4 of a trillion dollars |
|
|
Term
| diabetes is the leading cause of ______ in people ages 20-74. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diabetes is the leading cause of ____ disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the leading cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diabetics are how many times more likely to suffer MI or stroke? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
diabetic women are how many times more likely to die from MI?
diabetic men? |
|
Definition
women are 4 times more likely
2 times |
|
|
Term
| diabetics are how many times more likely to die from an MI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an important component in the management of diabetes? |
|
Definition
| regular physical activity |
|
|
Term
| what is normal blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is stage 1 hypertension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is stage 2 hypertension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F DBP is more important than SBP. |
|
Definition
false
SBP is more important |
|
|
Term
| how many americans in the US are hypertensive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does being pre-hypertensive put you are greater risk for CHD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F some studies show that SBP has a greater influence on risk of CHD. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for hypertension? |
|
Definition
lose weight
limit alcohol intake to no more than 1 oz per day
reduce sodium intake
maintain electrolyte balance
stop smoking
reduce saturated fat and cholesterol
reduce dietary fat intake
increase physical activity |
|
|
Term
| T/F about 70% of the adult population is overweight or obese. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F obese children are 70% more likely to become an obese adult.
what percent of children are overweight or obese? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the common causes of weight gain? |
|
Definition
eating large portions
constant snacking
eating fried foods
eating junk food
using food as a reward
eating in front of the tv
lack of regular physical activity
increase selection of food
increase sugar and fat meals |
|
|
Term
| obesity is the root for what other complications? |
|
Definition
diabetes/IR
CVD
metabolic syndrome |
|
|
Term
what are the definitions of obesity based on BMI?
normal?
overweight?
class 1 obesity?
class 2 obesity?
extreme? |
|
Definition
normal: 18.5-24.9
overweight: 25-29.9
class 1 obesity: 30-34.9
class 2 obesity: 35-39.9
extreme: greater than 40 |
|
|
Term
| T/F as fat weight increases, so does the risk for disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the numbers for waist circumference as a risk factor for CVD? |
|
Definition
men: >40inches
women: >35 inches |
|
|
Term
| why is abdominal fat more dangerous? |
|
Definition
metabolically active
associated with inflammation and insulin resistance |
|
|
Term
| what are the health risks associated with abdominal obesity? |
|
Definition
glucose intolerance and insulin resistance
NIDDM
impaired fibrinolysis and increased coagulation
dyslipidemia
hypertension
marcovascular disease |
|
|
Term
| what should the emphasis of obesity be on? |
|
Definition
| metabolic health and fitness |
|
|
Term
| what is the hip ratio for men that are high, moderate, and low risk? |
|
Definition
high:>0.95
moderate: 0.90-0.94
low:<0.90 |
|
|
Term
| what is the hip ratio for women that are high, moderate, and low risk? |
|
Definition
high: >0.86
moderate: 0.80-0.85
low:<0.80 |
|
|
Term
| what is fibers effect on the body? |
|
Definition
| slows the food in the digestive system |
|
|
Term
| how do you improve your metabolic health/fitness? |
|
Definition
increase physical activity levels
reduce dietary fats
begin with small gradual weight loss
focus on maintaining lost weight for at least 6 months before attempting further weight loss |
|
|
Term
| what are the benefits of weight loss to an individuals CAD risk profile? |
|
Definition
increased firbinolysis
decreased platelet aggregation
reduction of BP
improvements of cholesterol profile
improvements of glucose/ insulin metabolism |
|
|
Term
| what are the benefits of weight loss? |
|
Definition
improves CAD risk profile
decrease in severity of sleep apnea
reduced symptoms of degenerative joint disease
improved gynecological conditions |
|
|
Term
| T/F physical inactivity is as bad as smoking a pack and a half a day. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the problem with fast weight loss? |
|
Definition
| maybe losing a lot of muscle mass |
|
|
Term
| when does the lumen begin to narrow during atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can atherosclerosis be reversed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F studies show that most physicians are adequately trained to counsel their patients on diet and exercise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| children and adolescents should perform ___min of exercise daily and it should be vigorous exercise at least ___ of those days. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F women as a group have fewer strokes than men. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F many studies have explored the relationship between exercise and risk for developing heart failure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| it has been estimated that 43% of new cases of diabetes could be prevents by _______ less than 10 h/week and engaging in ______ for >30 min/day. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F to achieve glycemic control, exercise volume is more important than intensity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is glycemic control? |
|
Definition
| regulation of blood sugar |
|
|
Term
| it is recommended that diabetic perform ___ min/week of moderate intensity aerobic physical activity and/or ___min/week of vigorous aerobic exercise/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and C-reactive protein are markers of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F weight loss can only occur in the presence of negative energy balance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there is a general consensus that _____kcal/week of physical activity is required for long-term weight loss. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the clustering of established risk factors for CVD is called_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is considered vigorous exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some warning signals of a heart attack? |
|
Definition
chest discomfort
discomfort in other areas of the body
shortness of breath
breaking out in cold sweat
nausea
light-headedness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atherosclerosis that affects the coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atherosclerosis that affects the blood vessels of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a clot forms in the area of the narrowed brain blood vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a clot floats in from another area |
|
|
Term
| what are the non modifiable risk factors of stoke? |
|
Definition
age
sex
race/ethnicity
family history
low birth weight |
|
|
Term
| what are modifiable risk factors of stoke? |
|
Definition
hypertension
smoking
diabetes
carotid artery disease
CVD
sickle cell disease
hyperlipidemia
obesity |
|
|
Term
| what are some potential modifiable risk factors of stroke? |
|
Definition
alcohol abuse
hyperhomocystenemia
drug abuse
hypercoagulability
inflammatory processes
metabolic syndrome |
|
|
Term
| what are some warning signals of stroke? |
|
Definition
dizziness
sudden temporary weakness or numbness on one side of the face
temporary loss of speech
temporary dimness or loss of vision in one eye
sudden severe unexplained headaches |
|
|
Term
| what are the major risk factors of heart disease that can be changed? |
|
Definition
cigarette smoking
high BP
high blood cholesterol
physical inactivity
obesity
diabetes |
|
|
Term
| what are the major risk factors of heart disease that cannot be changed? |
|
Definition
hereditary
being male
increasing age
race |
|
|
Term
| what are the contributing factors of heart disease? |
|
Definition
individual response to stress
excessive alcohol intake
some illegal drugs |
|
|
