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Exam 1-Set 3
Word Segmentation-Mutual exclusivity
30
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
02/16/2013

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Cards

Term
Word Segmentation
Definition
Ability of infants/children to differentiate between words in a sentence
Term
Statistical Regularity
Definition
(Saffran 1996)patterns in speech stream of what words transitions sound like (bidaku / padoti)
Term
Reference
Definition
the principle that words stand for, refer to objects, actions, properties in the world
Term
Pointing
Definition
A means of connecting words to items in the world. Recall that early pointing is associated with early language
Term
Ostensive definition
Definition
Pointing while labeling (unique to humans)
Term
Protodeclarative
Definition
using pointing, touching, gesturing to make a statement
Term
Protoimperative
Definition
using pointing etc to make a demand
Term
Joint Attention (Tomasello)
Definition
focus of two individuals on the same object via eye gazing, pointing, or some other attention getting measure
Term
3 levels of joint attention
Definition
Shared eye gaze-fairly young age

diadic joint attention-exchanging expressions, vocalizations

Triadic joint attention-conversants are aware they are sharing attention of an object
Term
Theory of mind
Definition
The awareness that others have goals, beliefs, intentions, and attentional states
Term
Underextension
Definition
Application of a word in a more limited way than is intended ("boy" is only their brother)
Term
Overextension
Definition
Application of a word beyond usual accepted boundaries ("doggie" for all furry four legged things, "two jimmies"
Term
Superordinate
Definition
a superior order or category within a classification system (i.e. Animals)
Term
Basic Level
Definition
Dogs, birds, fish
Term
Subordinate
Definition
lowest level of descriptive words for objects, no examples provided but would assume specific kinds of animals by name
Term
Thematic association (fivush, Mandler, Reznick)
Definition
Grouping of items based on common themes or uses (eating/cooking-pan, plate cup, food)
Term
Perceptual similarity
Definition
Shape is the biggest similarity children find, color and size do not normally impact naming or over-extensions
Term
Taxonomic relations
Definition
Category relations, often confounded by perceptual similarity
(IE)-naming a dog for other animals, similar to overextension (overcome by age 4)
Term
Family resemblance view
Definition
children's ability to distinguish members of a family based on resemblance and social cues
Term
Psychological essentialism
Definition
The Idea that there are certain characteristics common to all members of a subgroup, and that while they may possess other characteristics, they must possess these to belong to the group
Term
Vocabulary spurt
Definition
Period of rapid lexical aquisition (18 months avg, 11-28 possible) Girls sooner than boys, first borns sooner than later borns
Term
Geschwind-Galaburda hypothesis
Definition
Testosterone slows growth of LH, thereby permitting faster growth of RH, gives females advantage in language
Term
lateralization
Definition
dominance of certain functions by certain hemispheres of the brain
Term
Fast Mapping
Definition
the ability to learn words & meanings from only a few exposures
Term
Object scope (Markman 1989)
Definition
label applies to whole objects
(if given truck, child will assume name refers to whole object, not specific parts) (Bottom up processing)
Term
Extendability
Definition
labels extend to multiple incidences (ball)
Term
Category Scope
Definition
understanding that labels refer to taxonomic categories, not thematic categories
Term
Novel name-nameless Category
Definition
the idea that novel names will be mapped onto unnamed categories, or onto a different category for that object
Term
Syntactic bootstrapping
Definition
using grammatical structure of a sentence to figure out a new word meaning
Term
Mutual exclusivity
Definition
a word-learning bias in which children assume that each object has one label (so a new label applies to an unnamed object) Can affect vocabulary if not overcome)
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