Term
| When two drugs are compared to each other which have the same effect, |
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Definition
| the drug which requires of the drug to deliver the desired effect is said to be more potent |
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Term
| Potency of a drug may also be affected by |
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Definition
1) Administration route
2) Other drugs present
3) Metabolic capabilities |
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Term
| Analysis of what a drug does to the body including mechanisms of actions |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the drug once in your system (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) |
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Definition
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Term
| Beneficial or adverse effects of the drug |
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Definition
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Term
| Name of actual chemical structure of the drug |
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Definition
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Term
| Amount of time required for 50% of a drug to be remaining in the body |
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Definition
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Term
| Common language name for the drug- usually some type of derivative of the chemical name |
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Definition
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Term
| What the company calls the drug. All drugs have a chemical and generic name, some have a trade or brand name |
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Definition
| Brand, proprietary name, or trade name |
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Term
| Swallowed- most absorbed through small intestine and involves the first pass effect (liver starts metabolism of drug) (Pills, liquids swallowed) |
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Definition
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Term
| Vaporized drug gets absorbed through the lungs (inhalers for asthma) |
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Definition
| Inhalation Administration |
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Term
| Injected through a syringe into the blood stream or into muscle (pain meds, vitamin B) |
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Definition
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Term
| Absorption through the skin (ionotophoresis, phonophoresis, transdermal patches) |
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Definition
| Transdermal Administration |
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Term
| Other routes of drug administration |
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Definition
|
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Term
| primary storage for site for drugs especially |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Other storages of drugs in the body |
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Definition
Liver
Muscle fiber- can break it down and store it
Thyroid tissue- can utilize it |
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Term
| What does the FDA organize under the Controlled Substances Act? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The highest potential for abuse or addiction and no medicinal use |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How are schedules organized? |
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Definition
| By potential for abuse or addiction with Schedule V at the least potential for abuse and addiction |
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Term
| Which schedules require a prescription from a licensed practitioner and obtained through licensed pharmacy? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Drugs that are not listed in the controlled substances act, or, are of a lower dose than that required for prescription and can be bought without prescription |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary organs responsible for drug elimination from the body are |
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Definition
|
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Term
| A major enzyme system involved in many drug interactions |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Most drugs have biotransformation in the liver and break down into substances called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Drugs that bind readily to receptors in even very low concentrations are said to have a |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Drugs that mimic or have the same effect as endogenous chemicals |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Can bind to the receptor site without causing the metabolic changes the agonist would |
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Definition
| Pharmacological antagonist (blockers) |
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Term
| What is diffusion into the cell through the membrane lipid layer easiest for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzyme induction may cause the drugs to be broken down by the liver more rapidly than expected thus decreasing their |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What prevents certain chemicals from entering the brain tissue? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What passes through the BBB? |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs that bind to receptors and initiate change in function of the cell, similar to the change caused by the endogenous chemical that normally binds to the receptor are know as an |
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Definition
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Term
| A brief transient decrease in post synaptic receptor responsiveness due to overstimulation of the receptors is known as |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The primary lcoataion of the receptors that recognize drugs and endogenous compounds are found on the cell's |
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Definition
| Surface or cellular membrane |
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Term
| Nerve impulses move from one neuron to another across a gap between the neurons called the |
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Definition
| Synapse via chemical neurotransmitters |
|
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Term
| Help make a reaction occur |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cyclic AMP, Cytochrome P450, COMT (catechol-O-methyl transferase), MAO (mono amine oxidase) |
|
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Term
| bind to receptor sites on post synaptic cleft to cause changes in the adjacent cell membrane. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Examples of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Gamma-aminobutric acid, Dopamine, Glutamate. |
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Term
| Can enzyme induction alter CNS neurotransmission? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What alters CNS neurotransmission? |
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Definition
| This is done by drugs through blocking post-synaptic receptors, inhibiting breakdown of neurotransmitters, and blocking pre-synaptic receptors. |
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Term
| the primary expected therapeutic effect of all psychotropic medications is |
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Definition
| prevent or delay the symptom return |
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Term
| Drugs used primarily to relax the patient and promote sleep are classified as |
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Definition
|
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Term
| increase the inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) |
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Definition
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Term
| When sedative-hypnotics are abruptly discontinued, sleep disturbances may increase and this is called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| are a category of drug that has anti-anxiety, sedative-hypnotic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant effects. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| These are currently considered first-line treatment of some axiety disorders, but may cause an initial increase in anxiety symptoms in some cases |
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Definition
| SNRIs (Seratonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors) |
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Term
| Upon reaching the brain, how do most antidepressant drugs exert their antidepressant effects? |
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Definition
| Via serotonin and/or norepinephrine neurotransmitter systems |
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Term
| What may be used for treatment of depression and anxiety as well as treatment for chronic pain? |
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Definition
| SNRIs (Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors)[Cybalta,Effexor] and tricyclic antidepressants (TCA){amitrptyline[Elavil] |
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Term
| What are some side effects for SSRIs (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) like Prozac? |
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Definition
Headache
Insomnia
Excessive sweating
These DO NOT decrease thyroid function |
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Term
| What can sudden discontinuation of Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Seratonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors result in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Patients who are refractory to antidepressant drugs (symptoms of depression have not resolved sufficiently with adequate trials of two or more antidepressant agents)may improve with the addition of |
|
Definition
Folic acid
Omega 3 fatty acids
Thyroid supplmentation |
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Term
| When does lithium have a tendency to accumulate in the body? |
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Definition
| When the person is dehydrated- this can lead to Lithium toxicity which is characterized by ataxia and slurred speech |
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Term
| When else can Lithium show toxic levels? |
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Definition
| When taken with Advil and Aleve |
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Term
| What can use of antidepressant medications alone to treat acute depression in individuals with Bipolar I disorder result in? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do you treat Bipolar I with acute mania? |
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Definition
| With Benzodiazepines in addition to mood stabilizers such as Lithium or Valproate [Depakote] |
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Term
| What medication to treat psychiatric disorders is the most likely cause of why elderly patients fall? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do antipsychotic medications used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, dementia, and Alzheimers control? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do first generation antipsychotics like HALDOL work? |
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Definition
THey work to decrease positive symptoms of Schizophrenia by blocking dopamine activity in the mesolimbic area of the brain
-They also block dopamine in the nigrostriatal tract resulting in abnormal movements |
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Term
| What is a major advantage of second generation antipsychotic agents such as olanzapine (Zyprexa)? |
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Definition
| They very rarely ever cause abnormal movements (EPS) |
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Term
| What are some motor or extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) associated with antipsychotics? |
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Definition
| Tardive dyskinesia, pseudoparkinson's, dystonia |
|
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Term
| What may occur with antipsychotic medications, especially in the second generations (Zyprexa, clozaril) |
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Definition
Metabolic syndrome
New-onset diabetes |
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Term
| When can anticompulsive or antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) be discontinued in some patients with a history of seizures? |
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Definition
| If the patient has been free from seizures for at least two years |
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Term
| Some AED's in addition to treating seizures are commonly prescribed for the treatment of what? |
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Definition
| Bipolar disorders and neuropathic pain |
|
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Term
| What are some common side effects of AEDs? |
|
Definition
Ataxia
Impaired cognition
Tremors |
|
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Term
| What are the federal guidelines originally designed to prevent the use of excessive physical and chemical restraints in residents of long term care facilities and currently focus on unnecessary use of psychotropic medications? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How is status epilepticus common treated initially with? |
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Definition
| Intravenous benzodiazepine |
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