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| The systematic or scientific study of human society and social behavior, from large-scale institutions and mass culture to small groups and individual interactions |
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| The Sociological Imagination |
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| A quality of the mind that allows us to understand the relationship between our individual circumstances and larger social forces. |
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| A sociologist that thought about the sociological imagination |
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| The ability of the individual to act freely and independently |
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| the people in a society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships; "the social organization of England and America is very different" |
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| "The fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing"... Fox accepts he might not know |
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| Approaching the world without preconceptions in order to see things in a new way |
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| A sense of disorientation that occurs when you enter a radically new social or cultural environment |
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| A disturbance to or undesirable consequence of some aspect of that social system |
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| The degree of integration or unity within a particular society; the extent to which individuals feel connected to other members of their group |
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| Term developed by Emile Durkheim to describe the type of social bonds present in premodern, agrarian societies, in which shared traditions and beliefs created a sense of social cohesion |
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| Term developed by Emile Durkheim to describe the type of social bonds present in modern societies, based on difference, interdependence, and individual rights |
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| The shared morals and beliefs that are common to a group and which foster social solidarity. |
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| "Normlessness"; term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change |
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| The obvious, intended functions of a social structure for the social system |
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| The less obvious, perhaps unintended functions of a social structure |
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| Anything that can create wealth: money, property, factories, and other types of businesses, and the infrastructure necessary to run them |
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| Owners; the class of modern capitalists who own the means of production and employ wage laborers |
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| Workers; those who have no means of production of their own and so are reduced to selling their labor power in order to live |
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| The tension or antagonism which exists in society due to competing socioeconomic interests and desires between people of different classes |
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| Decreasing importance of social ties and community and the corresponding increase in impersonal associations and instrumental logic |
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| A denial of the truth on the part of the oppressed when they fail to recognized the interests of the ruling class in their ideology |
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| The application of economic logic to human activity |
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| The rationalization of modern society |
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1.) Instrumental-Rational
2.) Value-Rational
3.) Tradition
4.) Emotion |
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| We act toward things on the basis of their meaning |
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Quantitative: translates the social world into numbers that can be studied mathematically
Qualitative: uses text, other sources |
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| A relationship between variables in which they change together, may or may not be casual |
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| A relationship between variables in which a change in one directly produces a change in the other |
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| The recognition of social inequality on the part of the oppressed, leading to revolutionary action |
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| The appearance of causation produced by an intervening variable |
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| The term used to describe a change in basic assumptions of a particular scientific discipline |
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| A naturalistic method based on studying people in their own environment in order to understand the meanings they attribute to their actives |
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| A methodology associated with ethnography whereby the researcher both observes and becomes a member in a social setting |
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| A positive relationship often characterized by mutual trust or sympathy |
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| The process by which an ethnographer gains entry to a field setting |
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| An opinion held by the researcher that might affect the research or analysis |
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| Someone from whom a researcher solicits information |
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| Techniques for manipulating the sampling procedure so that the sample more closely resembles the larger population |
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| The assurance that no one other than the researcher will know the identity of a respondent |
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| A method in which researchers identity and study specific variables such as words and text |
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| The tendency of people and events to react to the process of being studied |
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| A specific example of reactivity, in which the desired effect is the result not of the independent variable but of the research itself |
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| Ethical guidelines for researchers to consult as they design a project |
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| The extent to which the participants in a research project are unaware of the project or its goals |
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| The entire way of life of a group of people that acts as a lens through which one views the world and is passed from one generation to the next |
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| The principle of using one's own culture as a means or standard by which to evaluate another group or individual, leading to the view that cultures other than one's own are abnormal or inferior |
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| The principle of understanding other cultures on their own terms |
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| The objects associated with a cultural group |
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| The ideas associated with a cultural group |
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| The idea that language structures thought and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language |
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| A policy that values diverse racial, ethnic, national and linguistic backgrounds |
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| The values, norms, and practices of the group within society that is most powerful |
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| A group within society that is differentiated by its distinctive values, norms, and lifestyle |
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| A group within society that openly rejects and opposes society's values and norms |
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| Clashes within mainstream society over the values and norms that should be upheld |
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| The norms, values, and patterns of behavior that members of a society believe should not be observed in principle |
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| The norms, values, and patterns of behavior that actually exist within a society |
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