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Exam 1 - Myocardial Perfusion
Exam 1 - Myocardial Perfusion
87
Health Care
Graduate
02/17/2013

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Cards

Term
Special features of cardiac mm (5)
Definition
striated
fatigue resistant
fewer but larger t-tubules
intercalated discs
some regeneration possible
Term
98% of normal metabolites are in the form of...
Definition
carbonic acid
Term
normal metabolism =
Definition
consumption of nutrients, excretion of acid metabolites
Term
BE =
Definition
base excess
Term
BD =
Definition
base deficit
Term
pH: uncompensated v compensated
Definition
compensated = pH is normal bc pt has learned how to compensate for abnormal base levels (BE/BD)
Term
Normal value: pH
Definition
7.4
Term
Normal value: PCO2
Definition
40 mmHg
Term
Normal value: PO2
Definition
97 mmHg
Term
Normal value: HCO3
Definition
24 mEq/L
Term
O2 Sat
Definition
95-100%
Term
PaO2 =
Definition
partial pressure of oxygen
Term
PaCO2 =
Definition
partial pressure of carbon dioxide; how much CO2 is dissolved in blood
Term
hypoxemia =
Definition
lower than normal O2 in arterial blood
Term
hypoxia =
Definition
lower than normal O2 in lungs, blood, tissues

(**can be hypoxic s hypoxemia)
Term
hypercapnia (hypercarbia) =
Definition
too much CO2 in systemic aa.
Term
most commonly occluded coronary a =
Definition
LAD a
Term
coronary aa supplying L ventricle
Definition
LAD a
Term
coronary aa supplying lateral heart
Definition
circumflex a
Term
coronary aa supplying R ventricle
Definition
RCA
Term
Levine's sign =
Definition
clench fist over sternum
Term
Primary determinants of heart performance (4)
Definition
preload
afterload
HR
contractility
Term
RPP =
Definition
rate pressure product;
HR•BP
Term
Prinzmetal angina:
Definition
occurs at rest (2º to coronary aa. vasospasm)
Term
MI most often involves ___ ventricle
Definition
L ventricle
Term
Silent (asymptomatic MI) more common in...
Definition
diabetic pts
Term
Zones of infarction - 3 zones
Definition
central zone
zone of injury
zone of ischemia
Term
Zones of infarction, and ECG changes - central zone
Definition
necrotic; shows as larger Q
Term
Zones of infarction, and ECG changes - zone of injury
Definition
elevated ST segment
Term
Zones of infarction, and ECG changes - zone of ischemia
Definition
inverted T
Term
Scar tissue p MI - timeframe for beginning formation
Definition
4-10 d
Term
Scar tissue p MI - timeframe for complete formation
Definition
6-8 wk
Term
Non-Qwave infarct:
Definition
less stable
NOT transmural
Term
Dx of MI: elevated enzymes
Definition
CKMB, troponin
Term
Leads viewing septum
Definition
V1-2
Term
Leads viewing anterior aspect of heart
Definition
V2-4
Term
Leads viewing lateral aspect of heart
Definition
V4-6
Term
Leads viewing inferior aspect of heart
Definition
II, III, aVF
Term
Leads viewing apex of heart
Definition
II, III, aVF, V2-4
Term
Leads viewing posterior aspect of heart
Definition
V1-3
Term
Valvular heart disease - causes
Definition
rheumatic fever, strep throat, congenital deformity
Term
Types of valve injury (3)
Definition
stenosis
insufficiency
prolapse
Term
Dilated cardiomyopathy =
Definition
incr in heart size, without incr in wall thickness
Term
Dilated cardiomyopathy: symptoms
Definition
elevated HR at rest, SOB, fatigue
Term
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy =
Definition
incr in heart size s incr in chamber volume;
wall thickness dramatically increased
Term
Types of cardiomyopathy (3)
Definition
dilated,
hypertrophic,
restrictive
Term
Restrictive cardiomyopathy =
Definition
mm compliance compromised >> rigid ventricle walls;
causes backflow, pulmonary HTN common
Term
Acute myocarditis: most often caused by...
Definition
streptococcal infection
Term
Myocarditis: often concurrent with
Definition
pericarditis
Term
Pericarditis: symptoms
Definition
chest pain, SOB, incr HR, FEVER;
looks like MI, but symptoms sometimes relieved c all-fours position
Term
Rapid pericardial effusion =
Definition
tamponade (>15 mmHg pressure incr >> decr vv return, ventricular filling
Term
Causes of pericardial effusion (2)
Definition
infection (quick effusion)
uremic (slower effusion)
Term
Rheumatic heart disease: most often follows...
Definition
strep throat
Term
Rheumatic heart disease: age affected
Definition
5-15 yo
Term
Rheumatic heart disease: areas affected
Definition
mitral valve (75-80%), plus another valve (30% aortic)
Term
Infective endocarditis: happens when infection is introduced...
Definition
directly into blood stream
Term
Heart failure =
Definition
inability of heart to maintain SV (can't fill/eject completely)
Term
Tests to rule in cardiac pump dysfxn (5)
Definition
ejection fraction
ECG of ischemia
BP during ex
MET during ex
BP during controlled expiratory maneuver
Term
ACC/AHA stages of heart failure: A
Definition
risk factors;
not yet symptomatic OR has a heart murmur
Term
ACC/AHA stages of heart failure: B
Definition
asymptomatic, but imparied LV fuxn/hypertrophy
Term
ACC/AHA stages of heart failure: C
Definition
symptomatic,
structural disease
Term
ACC/AHA stages of heart failure: D
Definition
refractory heart failure
Term
New York Heart Association stages of heart failure: Class I
Definition
mild;
no limitation of physical activity
normal activity does not lead to symptoms
Term
New York Heart Association stages of heart failure: Class II
Definition
mild;
slight limitation of physical activity
normal activity >> symptoms
Term
New York Heart Association stages of heart failure: Class III
Definition
mod;
marked limitation of physical activity
less than ordinary activity >> symptoms
Term
New York Heart Association stages of heart failure: Class IV
Definition
severe;
any physical activity >> discomfort
symptoms at rest
Term
Typical physiological sequence of heart failure
Definition
decr ejection fraction >>
hypotension >>
Na & H2O retnetion >>
congestion in circulation
Term
Acute CHF: speed of onset
Definition
occurs rapidly
Term
Chronic heart failure: speed of onset
Definition
occurs gradually
Term
Compensation mechanisms for compensated heart failure
Definition
fluid retention
incr angiotensin
hypertrophy of viable myocardium
Term
Digitalis >>
Definition
incr force of heart contraction
Term
LVAD =
Definition
left venricular assistive device
(aids those prepping for heart transplant)
Term
Signs of L ventricular failure
Definition
rales,
S4,
peripheral cyanosis,
incr RR,
Cheyne-Stokes respirations,
decr urinary output c incr BUN,
reflex tachycardia,
EF <40%
Term
Signs of R ventricular failure
Definition
distended neck vv,
decr urinary output,
S4,
peripheral edema,
hepatojugular reflex
Term
Components of ejection fraction (3)
Definition
end diastolic volume
stroke volume
end systolic volume
Term
ejection fraction formula
Definition
EF = (end diastolic vol - end sys vol) ÷ end dias vol
Term
Ejection fraction value: normal
Definition
50-60% (60-70% c activity)
Term
Ejection fraction value: abnormal
Definition
35-49%
Term
Ejection fraction value: heart failure
Definition
<35%
Term
ACE inhibitors: suffix
Definition
-pril
Term
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB): suffix
Definition
-sartan
Term
Blood thinners: examples
Definition
coumadin, lovanox, plavix
Term
Inotropic agents: examples
Definition
digitalis, lenoxin
Term
Inotropic agents: mech of action
Definition
∆ HR speed
Term
Meds that are relatively contraindicated in heart failure (3)
Definition
anti-arrhythmic agents
calcium-channel blockers
NSAIDs
Term
jxnl rhythm >> ____% ∆ in cardiac output
Definition
20-30% decr in CO
Term
Recommendations for pts at risk for developing heart failure
Definition
control HTN, dyslipidemia, blood sugar, health behaviors
control heart disorders
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