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Exam 1: Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis and Meiosis
28
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/18/2013

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Term
Alternation of generations
Definition
The sporic life cycle; there is both a diploid multicellular organism and a haploid multicellular organism. May be isomorphic (Ulva) or heteromorphic (Laminaria). May by isogamic (similar form but different "signs" (positive and negative) to each gamete) or oogamic (egg and sperm distinctly separate). Mostly plants and some algae.
Term
Asexual reproduction
Definition
The act of reproducing without the use of gametes (mitosis). A single parent produces offspring genetically identical to itself.
Term
Cell plate formation
Definition
In cells with walls, this happens during cytokinesis, helping pinch off daughter and parent cells after mitosis.
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
The aggregates of DNA. They are condensed during meiosis and mitosis but are generally loose inside of nuclei. Humans contain 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes.
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
The division of the cytoplasm during mitosis. Some cells do not undergo cytokinesis and form a singular, continuous cell.
Term
Diploid
Definition
Containing both sides of a homologous pair. The dominant form of a gametic life cycle, part of the sporic life cycle.
Term
Egg
Definition
Contains female genetic material; generally larger than sperm.
Term
Fertilization
Definition
The fusion (karyogamy) of egg and sperm and creation of a zygote.
Term
Gametes
Definition
Sexual cells; haploid; either isogamic (same structure) or oogamic (egg and sperm); product of meiosis.
Term
Gametic meiosis
Definition
2n dominant; a multicellular diploid organism creates gametes that immediately fuse to create a zygote; this zygote undergoes meiosis and creates gametes.
Term
Gametophyte
Definition
In a sporic life cycle, this is the haploid portion of life; the multicellular haploid adult creates gametes via mitosis that undergo karyogamy to create a diploid sporophyte.
Term
Haploid
Definition
Containing only one side of a homologous pair of chromosomes; the dominant form of zygotic life cycles and a portion of sporic life cycles.
Term
Heteromorphic alternation of generation
Definition
Different forms of the diploid and haploid phases of life: Laminaria.
Term
Homologous pairs
Definition
A pair of the same chromosomes, that may not be genetically arranged identically. Cells with an entire set of homologous pairs are called diploid, while cells with one half of a homologous pair is called haploid.
Term
Isogamy
Definition
The gametes for an organism are identical in size and shape, but are somehow different in "signs" (positive and negative). When these fuse, a gamete or dikaryotic cell is produced.
Term
Isomorphic alternation of generation
Definition
A sporic life cycle in which the diploid and haploid stages are nearly identical in size and shape: Ulva.
Term
Meiosis
Definition
The act of creating gametes from one diploid cell: four haploid gametes are produced. Meiosis I produces two daughter cells, which produce four total gametes.
Term
Oogamy
Definition
The gametes of an organism are distinctly different in size, shape, and function; egg and sperm.
Term
Random fertilization
Definition
Any sperm can fertilize any egg; this leads to increased genetic diversity.
Term
Recombination
Definition
Crossing over of genes between sister chromatids in Prophase I.
Term
Reduction division
Definition
Meiosis creates four haploid gametes instead of four diploid cells.
Term
Sperm
Definition
The male gamete; usually much smaller and motile than eggs.
Term
Spore
Definition
A reproductive cell capable of developing into a new individual without fusion with another reproductive cell.
Term
Spore mother cell
Definition
A cell that undergoes meiosis and usually produces four spores.
Term
Sporic meiosis
Definition
Alternation of generations: plants, some algae.
Term
Sporophyte
Definition
The diploid portion of a sporic life cycle; a multicellular diploid organism undergoes meiosis to create spores that undergo mitosis to create a gametophyte.
Term
Zygote
Definition
The fertilized egg/ sperm combination of sexual reproduction.
Term
Zygotic meiosis
Definition
The primary life cycle of fungi and some protists: zygotes undergo meiosis, meiosis makes spores that undergo mitosis to create a multicellular haploid adult. Gametes are formed by mitosis.
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