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| Alternation of generations |
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Definition
| The sporic life cycle; there is both a diploid multicellular organism and a haploid multicellular organism. May be isomorphic (Ulva) or heteromorphic (Laminaria). May by isogamic (similar form but different "signs" (positive and negative) to each gamete) or oogamic (egg and sperm distinctly separate). Mostly plants and some algae. |
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| The act of reproducing without the use of gametes (mitosis). A single parent produces offspring genetically identical to itself. |
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| In cells with walls, this happens during cytokinesis, helping pinch off daughter and parent cells after mitosis. |
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| The aggregates of DNA. They are condensed during meiosis and mitosis but are generally loose inside of nuclei. Humans contain 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes. |
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| The division of the cytoplasm during mitosis. Some cells do not undergo cytokinesis and form a singular, continuous cell. |
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| Containing both sides of a homologous pair. The dominant form of a gametic life cycle, part of the sporic life cycle. |
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| Contains female genetic material; generally larger than sperm. |
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| The fusion (karyogamy) of egg and sperm and creation of a zygote. |
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| Sexual cells; haploid; either isogamic (same structure) or oogamic (egg and sperm); product of meiosis. |
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| 2n dominant; a multicellular diploid organism creates gametes that immediately fuse to create a zygote; this zygote undergoes meiosis and creates gametes. |
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| In a sporic life cycle, this is the haploid portion of life; the multicellular haploid adult creates gametes via mitosis that undergo karyogamy to create a diploid sporophyte. |
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| Containing only one side of a homologous pair of chromosomes; the dominant form of zygotic life cycles and a portion of sporic life cycles. |
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| Heteromorphic alternation of generation |
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Definition
| Different forms of the diploid and haploid phases of life: Laminaria. |
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| A pair of the same chromosomes, that may not be genetically arranged identically. Cells with an entire set of homologous pairs are called diploid, while cells with one half of a homologous pair is called haploid. |
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| The gametes for an organism are identical in size and shape, but are somehow different in "signs" (positive and negative). When these fuse, a gamete or dikaryotic cell is produced. |
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| Isomorphic alternation of generation |
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Definition
| A sporic life cycle in which the diploid and haploid stages are nearly identical in size and shape: Ulva. |
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| The act of creating gametes from one diploid cell: four haploid gametes are produced. Meiosis I produces two daughter cells, which produce four total gametes. |
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| The gametes of an organism are distinctly different in size, shape, and function; egg and sperm. |
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| Any sperm can fertilize any egg; this leads to increased genetic diversity. |
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| Crossing over of genes between sister chromatids in Prophase I. |
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| Meiosis creates four haploid gametes instead of four diploid cells. |
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| The male gamete; usually much smaller and motile than eggs. |
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| A reproductive cell capable of developing into a new individual without fusion with another reproductive cell. |
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| A cell that undergoes meiosis and usually produces four spores. |
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| Alternation of generations: plants, some algae. |
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| The diploid portion of a sporic life cycle; a multicellular diploid organism undergoes meiosis to create spores that undergo mitosis to create a gametophyte. |
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| The fertilized egg/ sperm combination of sexual reproduction. |
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| The primary life cycle of fungi and some protists: zygotes undergo meiosis, meiosis makes spores that undergo mitosis to create a multicellular haploid adult. Gametes are formed by mitosis. |
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