Term
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Definition
| basic building block of DNA, consisting of deoxyribose, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
| five-carbon sugar in DNA; lacks a hydroxyl group on the 2'-carbon atom |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleotide containing ribose; present in RNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
substance responsible for transformation
- DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| rules developed by Erwin Chargraff and his colleagues concerning the ratios of bases in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| repeating unit of DNA or RNA made up of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base |
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Term
| Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics |
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Definition
| early notion of inheritance proposing that acquired traits are passed to descendants |
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Term
| Pangenesis vs. Germ-plasm Theory |
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Definition
Pangenesis - proposes that particles carry genetic info
from different parts of the body to the reproductive
organs
Germ-plasm Theory - states that cells in the reproductive
organs carry a complete set of genetic info |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic change taking place in a group of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the genetic composition of population (groups of members of the same species) and how a population's collective group of genes changes with the passage of time |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the chemical nature of genetic information and how it is encoded, replicated, and expressed |
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Term
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Definition
| field of genetics that encompasses the basic principles of genetics and how traits are inherited |
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Term
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Definition
| complete set of genetic instructions for an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| appearance or manifestation of a characteristic |
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Term
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Definition
| the set of genes possessed by an individual organism |
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Term
| Allele (and relationship to gene) |
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Definition
1 or 2 or more alternate forms of a gene
Ex: coat color gene --> orange allele |
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Term
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Definition
type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA
- adenine and guanine |
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Term
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Definition
type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA
- cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
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Term
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Definition
| ribose or deoxyribose bonded to a base |
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Term
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Definition
| a phosphorous atom attached to four oxygen atoms; one of the three components of a nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
| phosphodiester bond connecting two nucleotides in a polynucleotide strand |
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Term
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Definition
| end of the polynucleotide chain where a phosphate is attached to the 5'-carbon atom of the nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
| end of a polynucleotide chain where an OH group is attached to the 3'-carbon atom of the nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a characteristic of the DNA double helix in which the two polynucleotide strands run in opposite directions |
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Term
| Complementary DNA strands |
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Definition
the relation between the two nucleotide strands of DNA in which each purine on one strand pairs with a specific pyrimidine on the opposite strand
- A pairs with T; C pairs G |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which a protein is assembled from information contained in messenger RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which DNA is synthesized from a single-stranded template |
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Term
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Definition
| concept that genetic information passes from DNA to RNA to protein in a one-way information pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| modification of DNA by the addition of methyl groups to certain positions on the bases |
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Term
| Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) |
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Definition
| has some characteristics in common with eubacterial DNA and typically consists of a circular molecule that lacks histone proteins and encodes some of the rRNAs, tRNAs, and proteins found in the organelle |
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Term
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Definition
| has many characteristics in common with eubacterial DNA and typically consists of a circular molecule that lacks histone proteins and encodes some the rRNAs, tRNAs, and proteins found in the organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| coiled tertiary structure that forms when strain is placed on a DNA helix by underwinding of the helix |
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Term
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Definition
| coiled tertiary structure that forms when strain is placed on a DNA helix by overwinding of the helix |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that adds or removes rotations in a DNA helix by temporarily breaking nucleotide strands; controls the degree of DNA supercoiling |
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Term
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Definition
| chromatin that undergoes condensation and decondensation in the course of the cell cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| chromatin that remains in a highly condensed state throughout the cell cycle; found at the centromeres and telomeres of most chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic repeating unit of chromatin, consisting of a core of eight histone proteins (two each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) and about 146 bp of DNA that wraps around the core about two times |
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Term
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Definition
| giant chromosome in the sailvary glands of Drosophila melanogaster. Each polytene chromosome consists of a number of DNA molecules lying side by side |
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Term
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Definition
| localized swelling of a polytene chromosome; a region of chramtin in which DNA has unwound and is undergoing transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| stable ateration of chromatin structure that may be passed on to other cells or to an individual organism |
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Term
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Definition
| constricted region on a chromosome that stains less strongly than the rest of the chromosome; region where spindle microtubules attach to a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| stable end of a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence found at the ends of a chromosome; consists of may copies of short, simple sequences repeated one after the other |
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Term
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Definition
| haploid amount of DNA found in a cell of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| the absence of a relationship between genome size and complexity in eukaryotic organisms and the question of what is the function of extra DNA in species with large genome sizes |
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Term
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Definition
| process that separates the strands or double-stranded DNA when DNA is heated |
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Term
| Renaturation/Hybridization/Reannealing |
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Definition
| the process by which two complementary single-stranded DNA molecules pair |
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Term
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Definition
| midpoint of the melting range of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence present only once or a few time in a genome |
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Term
| Moderately Repetitive DNA |
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Definition
| DNA consisting of sequences that are from 150-300 b in length and are repeated thousands of times |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA that consists of of short sequences that are present in hundreds of thousands to millions of copies clustered in certain regions of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA sequences repeated one after another; tend to be clustered at specific locations on a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated sequence at multiple locations throughout the genome |
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Term
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Definition
| states that some membrane-bounded organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, in eukaryotic cells originiated as free-living eubacterial cells that entered into and endosymbiotic relation with a eukaryotic host cell and evolved into the present-day organelles; supported by a number of similarities in structure and sequence between organelle and eubacterial DNAs |
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Term
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Definition
| presence of two or more distinct variants of DNA within the cytoplasm of a single cell |
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Term
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Definition
| presence on only one version of DNA within the cytoplasm of a single cell |
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Term
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Definition
| region of mitochondrial DNA that contains an origin of replication and promoters; it is displaced during the initiation of replication, leading to the name displacement, or D, loop |
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Term
| Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) |
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Definition
| has some characteristics in common with eubacterial DNA and typically consists of a circular molecule that lacks histone proteins and encodes some of the rRNAs, tRNAs, and proteins found in the organelle |
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Term
| Semi-Conservative Replication |
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Definition
| replication in which the two nucleotide strands of DNA separate, each serving as a template for the synthesis of a new strand; all DNA replication is of this nature |
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Term
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Definition
| site where DNA synthesis is initiated |
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Term
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Definition
| point at which a double-stranded DNA molecule separates into two single strands that serve as templates for replication |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that synthesizes DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| replication of the leading strand in the same direction as that of unwinding, allowing new nucleotides to be added continuously to the 3' end of the new strand as the template is exposed |
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Term
| Discontinuous Replication |
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Definition
| replication of the lagging strand in the direction opposite that of unwinding, which means that DNA must be synthesized in short stretches (Okazaki fragments) |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA strand that is replicated continuously |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA strand that is replicated discontinuously |
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Term
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Definition
| short stretch of newly synthesized DNA; produced by discontinuous replication on the lagging strand, these fragments are eventually joined together |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that unwinds double-stranded DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| E.coli topoisomerase enzyme that relieves the torsional strain that builds up ahead of the replication fork |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that synthesizes a short stretch of RNA on a DNA template; functions in replication to provide a 3'-OH group for the attachment of a DNA nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
| short stretches (about 10-12 nucleotides long) of RNA nucleotidesq2 |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial DNA polymerase that removes and replaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial DNA polymerase that synthesizes new nucleotide strands by using the 3'-OH group provided by the primer |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between adjacent 3'-OH and 5'-phosphate groups in a DNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of DNA polymerase to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides in the course of replication |
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Term
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Definition
| process that corrects mismatched nucleotides in DNA after replication has been completed; enzymes excise incorrectly paired nucleotides from the newly synthesized strand and use the original nucleotide strand as a template when replacing them |
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Term
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Definition
| a guanine-rich sequence of nucleotides that protrudes beyond the complementary C-rich strand at the end of a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that is made up of both protein and RNA and replicates the ends (telomeres) of eukaryotic chromosomes; the RNA part of the enzyme has a template that is complementary to repeated sequences in the telomere and pairs with them, providing a template for the synthesis of additional copies of the repeats |
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Term
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Definition
1. Proofreading
2. Nucleotide Selection
3. Mismatch Repair |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA consisting of two strands, each of which is from a different chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA molecule that can act as a biological catalyst |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA molecule that is structural component of the ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA molecule that carries genetic information for the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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Term
| Pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) |
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Definition
| Eukaryotic RNA molecule tha is modified after transcription to become mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA molecule that carries an amino acid to the ribosome and transfers it to a growing polypeptide chain in translation |
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Term
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Definition
| the strand of DNA that is used as a template during transcription; the RNA synthesized during transcription is complementary and antiparallel to the template strnd |
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Term
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Definition
| the DNA strand that is complementary to the template strand; not ordinarily used as a template during transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that binds to DNA sequences in eukaryotic cells and affects transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA sequence to which the transcription apparatus binds so as to initiate transcription; indicates the direction of transcription, which of the two DNA strands is to be read as the template, and the starting point of transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequence of DNA nucleotides that encodes an RNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of DNA nucleotides that causes the termination of transcription |
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Term
| Ribonucleoside Triphosphate (rNTP) |
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Definition
| substrate of RNA synthesis; consists of ribose, a nitrogenous base, and three phosphates linked to the 5'-carbon atom of the ribose; in transcription, two of the phosphates are cleaved, producing an RNA nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| compromises the most commonly encountered nucleotides found at a specific location in DNA or RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| consensus sequence (TATAAT) found in most bacterial promoters approximately 10 bp upstream of the transcription start site |
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Term
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Definition
| consensus sequence (TTGACA) found in many bacterial promoters approximately 35 bp upstream of the transcription start site |
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Term
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Definition
| subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase that facilitates the termination of transcription of some genes |
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Term
| Rho-dependent Terminators |
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Definition
| sequence in bacterial DNA that requires the presence of the rho subunit of RNA polymerase to terminate transcription |
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Term
| Rho-independent Terminators |
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Definition
| sequence in bacterial DNA that does not require the presence of the rho subunit of RNA polymerase to terminate transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| single bacterial RNA molecule that encodes more than one polypeptide chain; uncommon in eukaryotes |
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Term
| Transcriptional Activator |
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Definition
| protein in eukaryotic cells that binds to consensus sequences in regulatory promoters or enhancers and affects transcription initiation by stimulating the assembly of the basal transcription aparatus |
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Term
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Definition
| located immediately upstream of the eukaryotic promoter, DNA sequences to which the basal transcription apparatus binds |
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Term
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Definition
| consenssus sequence (TATAAAA) commonly found in eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters; usually located from 25 to 30 bp upstream of the transcription start site; the TATA box determines the start point for transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| polypeptide chain found in several different transcription factors that recognizes and binds to sequences in eukaryotic promoters |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence that stimulates maximal transcription of distant genes; affects only genes on the same DNA molecule (is cis acting), contains short consensus sequences, is not fixed in relation to the transcription start site, can stimulate almost any promoter in its vicinity, and may be upstream or downstream of the gene; the function of an enhancer is independent of sequence orientation |
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Term
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Definition
| concept that there is a direct correspondence between the nucleotide sequence of a gene and the continuous sequence of amino acids in a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| coding region of a split gene (a gene that is interrupted by introns); after processing, the exons remain in messenger RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| intervening sequence in a split gene; removed from the RNA after transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| belongs to a class of introns in protein-encoding genes that reside in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells; removed by spliceosomal-mediated splicing |
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Term
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Definition
| consensus sequence found in the bacterial 5' untranslated region of mRNA; contains the ribosome-binding site |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of mRNA consisting of the nucleotides that specify the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| modified 5' end of eukaryotic mRNA, consisting of an extra nucleotide (methylated) and methylation of the 2' position of the ribose sugar in one or more subsequent nucleotides; plays a role in the biding of the ribosome to mRNA and affects mRNA stability and the removal of introns |
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Term
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Definition
| string of adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA after transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| large complex consisting of several RNAs and many proteins that splices protein-encoding pre-mRNA; contains five small ribonucleoprotein particles (U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6) |
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Term
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Definition
| looplike structure created in the splicing of nuclear pre-mRNA in which the 5' end of an intron is attached to a branch point in pre-mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which a single pre-mRNA can be spliced in more than one way to produce different types of mRNA |
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