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| A question expressed using ideas. |
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| A question expressed using tangible properties. |
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| Describes clearly the concept's measurable properties and specifies the units of analysis to which the concept applies. |
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| Describes the instrument to be used in measuring the concept and putting a conceptual definition "into operation". |
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| Defined by a set of concrete traits of similar type. |
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| Has two or more distinct groups of empirical characteristics. |
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| The entity we want to describe and analyze, entity to which the concept applies. |
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| Individual-level unit of analysis |
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| When a concept describes a phenomenon at its lowest possible level. |
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| Aggregate-level unit of analysis |
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| A collection of individual entities. |
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| Systematic Measurement Error |
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| (or measurement bias) Produces operational readings that consistently mismeasure the characteristic the researcher is after. |
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| Introduces haphazard, chaotic distortion into the measurement process, producing inconsistent operational readings of a concept. |
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| Measure's a subject's response to the knowledge that he or she is being studied. |
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| Extent to which a measurement is a consistent measure of a concept; same reading every time it is taken. |
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| Extent to which a measurement records the true value of the intended characteristic and does not measure any unintended characteristics. |
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| Contains information on the same units of analysis measured at two or more points in time. |
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| Contains information on units of analysis measured at one point in time. |
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| Based on the idea that an operational measurement obtained from half of a scale's items should be the same as the measurement from the other half. (Same if reliable) |
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| Compares consistency between pairs of individual items and provides an overall reading of a measure's reliability. |
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| Investigator uses informed judgement to determine whether an operational procedure is measuring what it is supposed to. |
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| Researcher examines the empirical relationships between a measurement and other concepts to which it should be related. |
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| Investigator applies the measurement once and then applies it again to the same units of analysis. (Reliability) |
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| Investigator administers two different but equivalent versions of the instrument, one at one point and another at a separate point. |
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| Idea or mental construct that represents phenomenon in the real world. |
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| Aggregate-level phenomenon is used to make inferences at the individual level. |
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