Term
| Which chemical agent is recommended for blood spills? |
|
Definition
| 1/10 dilution of bleach (NaClO); clean 1st (soap & water) & then disinfect |
|
|
Term
| Agar media melts at _________ and stays liquid until 45-50o C (or solidifies at 45-50o C). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the appropriate temperature and pressure when autoclaving material? |
|
Definition
| 15 psi for 121 C degrees for 15 minutes |
|
|
Term
| What is the optimal incubation temperature for most bacteria? |
|
Definition
| 35 to 37 degrees C (body temperature) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three most common temperatures used in the laboratory to isolate bacteria? |
|
Definition
| 35-37 degrees; 22-25 degrees (room temperature); & 42 degrees |
|
|
Term
| What reagent is used for the hippurate test if sodium benzoate is detected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What the genus names for satelliting strep? |
|
Definition
| Abiotrophia & Granulicatella |
|
|
Term
| An animal infectious disease transmitted to humans is referred to as zoonosis. Which zoonotic organisms have we studied? |
|
Definition
| Bacillus anthracis, Erysipelothrix, & Listeria (when due to food poisioning) |
|
|
Term
Gram-positive, large rods
Spores present
Nonhemolytic
Nonmotile
Catalase = positive
What is the identification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Gram-positive rods are associated with food poisoning? |
|
Definition
| Bacillus cereus and Listeria |
|
|
Term
| Name an aerobic, spore-forming genus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gram-positive, large rods
Spores present
Hemolytic
Motile
Catalase = negative
What is the identification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Gram-positive rods are common lab contaminants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Motility = negative
Catalase = positive
Hemolysis = usually gamma
Gram stain = "Chinese letters"
What is the identification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
PYR = Positive
Alpha/gamma hemolytic
What is the identification ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two organisms (GPC) that are more resistant to antibiotic treatment. |
|
Definition
| Enterococcus & satelliting streptococcus |
|
|
Term
Bile-esculin = Black
6.5% salt = Growth
P disk = R
What is the identification ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Gram-positive rod produces H2S? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Motility = negative
Catalase = negative
Hemolysis = alpha/gamma
Gram stain = Gram-positive rods
H2S production on TSI
What is the identification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Motility = negative
Catalase = negative
Hemolysis = alpha/gamma
Gram stain = chains of Gram-positive rods
What is the identification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Motility = negative at 35 & positive at 25
Catalase = positive
Hemolysis = beta
Bile-esculin = Black
Gram stain = Small, Gram-positive coccobacillary
What is the identification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organism produces tumbling motility in wet mounts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organism produces umbrella-like growth pattern in semisolid agar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bacitracin = S
Furazolidone = R
Modified oxidase = Blue
Catalase = Bubbles
These test results identify the MO as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which streptococcus-like bacteria are vancomycin resistant? |
|
Definition
| Pediococcus & Leuconostoc |
|
|
Term
Bacitracin = R
Furazolidone = S
Modified oxidase = Colorless
Catalase = No bubbles
These test results identify the MO as: |
|
Definition
| Rothia (Stomatococcus) mucilaginosus |
|
|
Term
Tube coagulase positive
What is the identification ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Slide coagulase result:
saline = no clumps
plasma = clumps
What is the identification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A disk = R
CAMP = Arrowhead hemolysis
PYR = No color change
SXT = R
What is the identification ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bile-esculin = No color change
6.5% salt = No growth
P disk = S
What is the identification ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bile soluble = clearing of MO
What is the identification ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A disk = S
CAMP = negative
PYR = positive
SXT = R
What is the identification ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A physician sends a throat swab to the laboratory, requesting antigen testing for Group A streptococcus. What are the correct responses to positive antigen test results and negative test results? |
|
Definition
| + result is reported as Group A strep; = result is confirmed with culture |
|
|
Term
| A physician sends a throat swab to the laboratory, requesting culture and Gram stain for Group A streptococcus. Is the Gram stain request appropriate for GAS? |
|
Definition
| No; many types of normal flora streptococcus (not GAS) are present |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of the three labs associated with LRN. |
|
Definition
| Sentinel (hospitals), reference (Public Health) & national (Federal w/ BSL-4) |
|
|
Term
| What tests are appropriate for beta-hemolytic, catalase negative, GPC organisms? |
|
Definition
| A & SXT disks; PYR; CAMP or hippurate hydrolysis & Serogrouping |
|
|
Term
| Define the term virulence. |
|
Definition
| Ability of microorganism to cause disease (uses capsule, toxins, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Facultative anaerobes can live _________________ & _______________. Examples are ___________ & ___________. |
|
Definition
| Aerobically & anaerobically; Staphylococcus & Streptococcus |
|
|
Term
| What type of hemolysis has a zone of greenish discoloration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of hemolysis is exhibited by Lactobacillus & Erysipelothrix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of hemolysis is demonstrated by Streptococcus pneumoniae, viridans streptococcus, Enterococcus species, & nonenterococcal Group D streptococcus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organism is described as producing Medusa head growth on media and "string of pearls" appearance on Gram stain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reagent is in the A disk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What media are used to isolate Corynebacterium diphtheriae? |
|
Definition
| BAP, cystine-tellurite OR Tinsdale, and Loeffler OR Pai |
|
|
Term
| What type of hemolysis involves the complete lysis of RBCs? |
|
Definition
| Beta = clear zone underneath colony |
|
|
Term
| What type of hemolysis is demonstrated by Groups A, B, C, F, & G Streptococcus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of hemolysis is exhibited by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of hemolysis is exhibited by Listeria monocytogenes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are Listeria and Group B Streptococcus similar? |
|
Definition
| Beta hemolytic, + for hippurate & CAMP & cause meningitis/bacteremia in babies |
|
|
Term
| Which organism is used to perform the CAMP test? |
|
Definition
| beta-lysin producing S. aureus- (not all S. aureus produce beta-lysin) |
|
|
Term
| What reagent is used for the bile solubility test? |
|
Definition
| Bile salts (sodium deoxycholate) |
|
|
Term
| Identify the biosafety level: Work with microorganisms that do not cause disease in healthy adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the biosafety level: Work with human pathogens not transmitted by inhalation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the biosafety level: Work with human pathogens transmitted by inhalation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the biosafety level: Work with the most virulent, pathogenic human organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two examples of NONSELECTIVE media |
|
Definition
| Blood agar & chocolate agar |
|
|
Term
| Underdecolorized WBCs will appear __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare disinfection and antiseptic. |
|
Definition
| Both eliminate MOs (but not spores); antiseptic is used on live tissue |
|
|
Term
| Slide coagulase test detects __________________ . |
|
Definition
| Bound coagulase (clumping factor) |
|
|
Term
| The staphylococcus latex aggulutination test detects ________ & _________. In addition some tests detect capsular polysaccharides. |
|
Definition
| Bound coagulase (clumping factor) & protein A |
|
|
Term
| How are CO2 levels checked in CO2 incubators? |
|
Definition
| By using a fyrite measuring device |
|
|
Term
| What tests are appropriate for gamma-hemolytic, catalase negative, GPC organisms? |
|
Definition
| CAMP or hippurate hydrolysis, Bile-esculin, 6.5% salt &PYR |
|
|
Term
| Which media should always be QC'ed by the laboratory? |
|
Definition
| Chocolate agar, selective media for pathogenic Neisseria, & Campylobacteria agar |
|
|
Term
| Capnophilic organisms require an increased amount of _____________ and an example of a capnophilic organism is ___________ _____________. |
|
Definition
| CO2; Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
|
|
Term
| What disease comes to mind when Streptococcus gallolyticus (bovis) is isolated from positive blood cultures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae? |
|
Definition
| Community acquired pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| Which organisms are referred to as having diphtheroid or coryneform morphology? |
|
Definition
| Corynebacterium, Arcanobacterium, & Rothia |
|
|
Term
| List the Gram stain reagents in the correct order for test performance. |
|
Definition
| Crystal violet, Gram's iodine, Decolorization, & Safranin |
|
|
Term
| How often should personnel check tempertures on laboratory incubators? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is infectious material discarded in the laboratory? |
|
Definition
| Disposed of in labeled, leakproof containers; must be incinerated or autoclaved |
|
|
Term
| Which test is used to determines C. diphtheriae toxin formers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which toxin is found in the cell wall of Gram-negative organisms? |
|
Definition
| Endotoxin; found in lipopolysaccharide part of cell wall |
|
|
Term
| Which toxin is produced by living bacteria and secreted into the surrounding medium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tube coagulase test detects __________________ . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is methylene blue stain used for detection of Corynebacterium diphtheriae? |
|
Definition
| For ID purposes - reveals metachromatic granules |
|
|
Term
| What type of hemolysis is demonstrated by Group B Streptococcus, viridans streptococcus, Enterococcus species and nonenterococcal Group D streptococcus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of hemolysis is exhibited by Bacillus anthracis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of hemolysis is exhibited by Corynebacterium species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of hemolysis is considered no hemolysis (nonhemolytic)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the scientific names for Group A streptococcus and Group B streptococcus? |
|
Definition
| GAS = Streptococcus pyogenes & GBS = Streptococcus agalactiae |
|
|
Term
| Name four examples of enrichment broths and describe their uses. |
|
Definition
| GN & selenite = isolation Sal. & Shig.; LIM & Trans-Vag = isolation GBS |
|
|
Term
A disk = S
CAMP = No arrowhead hemolysis
PYR = Red
SXT = R
What is the identification ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the principle of the Gram stain procedure? |
|
Definition
| GP MOs retain a crystal violet-iodine complex during decolorization; GNs do not |
|
|
Term
| What do Streptococcus & Enterococcus look like on Gram stain? |
|
Definition
| Gram positive cocci in chain &/or pairs |
|
|
Term
| How are Listeria and Group B Streptococcus different? |
|
Definition
| Gram stain, catalase, motility & bile-esculin |
|
|
Term
| What does Staphylococcus look like on Gram stain? |
|
Definition
| Gram-positive cocci in clumps (clusters) |
|
|
Term
| What does Streptococcus pneumoniae look like on Gram stain? |
|
Definition
| Gram-positive cocci in pairs (lancet shaped) |
|
|
Term
| What does Micrococcus look like on Gram stain? |
|
Definition
| Gram-positive cocci in tetreds |
|
|
Term
| How does Corynebacterium species appear on Gram stain? |
|
Definition
| Gram-positive, small pleomorphic rods ("Chinese" letters) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Gram-stain result for Listeria? |
|
Definition
| Gram-positive, small rods (may be coccobacillary) |
|
|
Term
PYR = Red
Beta hemolytic
What is the identification ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MOs not considered to be normal flora include: |
|
Definition
| Group A Streptococcus, B. anthracis, E. rhusiopathiae, & C. diphtheriae |
|
|
Term
A disk = R
Hippurate = Positive
PYR = Negative
SXT = R
What is the identification ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reagent is used for the catalase test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the term nosocomial. |
|
Definition
| Hospital-aquired infections |
|
|
Term
| In mutualism, both human and microbe benefit. Name an example of mutualism. |
|
Definition
| Human intestinal microbes produce vit K from ingested food; host benefits |
|
|
Term
| Humidophilic organisms require increased ___________ and an example of a humidophilic organism is _____________ _____________. |
|
Definition
| Humidity; Haemophilus ducreyi |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the Quellung reaction? |
|
Definition
| Identify Streptococcus pneumoniae |
|
|
Term
| What type of test is the Elek test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individual infected with an organism that can be transmitted to another person |
|
|
Term
| Before labs started screening for Group B streptococcus what was the primary disease caused by the organism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enrichment broths are used to isolate Group B Streptococcus? |
|
Definition
| LIM Broth & Trans-Vag Broth |
|
|
Term
| Which media is not QC'ed as long as the manufacturer sends documentation of successful quality control testing? |
|
Definition
| MAC, EMB, CNA, PEA, & blood agars |
|
|
Term
| Describe parasitism and give an example. |
|
Definition
| Microbe benefits at the expense of the human host; pathogenic organisms |
|
|
Term
| Describe commensalism and give an example. |
|
Definition
| Microbe benefits while human is unaffected; normal flora |
|
|
Term
| What reagent is used for the PYR test? |
|
Definition
| N, N-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde |
|
|
Term
| What populations are at risk for Listeriosis? |
|
Definition
| Neonates, pregnant women, elderly & immunocompromised |
|
|
Term
| What reagent is used for the hippurate test if glycine is detected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antigen detection systems are available for detection of Group B streptococcus & Streptococcus pneumoniae in CSF, urine, & serum. Are these routinely used? |
|
Definition
| No because of little diagnostic & prognostic utility & high cost |
|
|
Term
Bile-esculin = Positive
6.5% salt = No growth
Optochin = R
What is the identification ? |
|
Definition
| nonenterococcus, Group D Streptococcus |
|
|
Term
| What test is performed only on Staphylococcus coagulase-negative isolates from urine cultures? |
|
Definition
| Novobiocin susceptibility |
|
|
Term
| Name two examples of nutrient media. |
|
Definition
| Nutrient agar & trypticase soy broth |
|
|
Term
| If a pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease, what is an opportunistic pathogen? |
|
Definition
| One that causes disease in compromised patients due to surgery, trauma, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What reagent is in the P disk? |
|
Definition
| Optochin (also called ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride) |
|
|
Term
| Microaerobic organisms require a decreased amount of ___________ and an example of a microaerobic organism is _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An anaerobic atmosphere is without __________ and an example of an anaerobic organism is ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tests are appropriate for alpha-hemolytic, catalase negative, GPC organisms? |
|
Definition
| P disk or bile solubility, Bile-esculin, 6.5% salt, & PYR |
|
|
Term
Slide coagulase results:
saline = clumps
plasma = clumps
What should be the next step? |
|
Definition
| Perform tube coagulase due to autoagglutination |
|
|
Term
| Overdecolorized Gram positive bacteria will appear ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reagent is used for the coagulase test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Slide coagulase negative
What is the identification? |
|
Definition
| Probably Staphylococcus coagulase negative - confirmed w/ tube or LA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process that destroys all microorganisms, including bacterial spores |
|
|
Term
| What is satelliting streptococci deficient in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If "quality control" procedures are performed to ensure accuracy of laboratory data, what does the term "quality assessment/improvement" mean? |
|
Definition
| QA monitors the system (lab + other areas of hospital) to improve health care |
|
|
Term
| Appearance of Staphylococcus coagulase negative & Micrococcus - MOs don't ferment mannitol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What diseases does Group A streptoccoccus cause? |
|
Definition
| Rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, & pharyngitis |
|
|
Term
| What organism is referred to as nutritionally deficient, thiol requiring, nutritionally variant, pyridoxal dependent, symbiotic streptococcus, & vitamin B6 dependent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of medium is Modified Thayer-Martin agar? |
|
Definition
| Selective & enriched for some Neisseria |
|
|
Term
| What type of media are MAC & EMB? What is the purpose of using the media? |
|
Definition
| Selective media; used to isolate GN organisms (most GPs are inhibited) |
|
|
Term
| What type of media are PEA & CNA? What is the purpose of using the media? |
|
Definition
| Selective media; used to isolate GP organisms (most GNs are inhibited) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three labs associated with LRN and what are their functions? |
|
Definition
| Sentinel = presumptive ID; reference = confirm ID; national = definitive ID |
|
|
Term
| In the LRN system what type of laboratory is the UAMS Clinical Laboratory? |
|
Definition
| Sentinel = provides presumptive ID & refers to AHD (reference) to confirm ID |
|
|
Term
| What diseases are associated w/ Corynebacterium jeikeium? |
|
Definition
| Serious infections associated w/ infected catheters/prosthetic devices |
|
|
Term
PYR = Red
Hippurate = Purple
What is the identification ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two examples of enriched media. |
|
Definition
| Sheep blood agar & chocolate agar |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal flora location of Staphylococcus aureus & other staphylococcus species? |
|
Definition
| Skin, mucous membranes & nose |
|
|
Term
| What is the principle of the Quellung reaction? |
|
Definition
| Specific capsule AB binds to S. pneumoniae & gives the appearance of swelling |
|
|
Term
| Which organism is known to cause an aggressive form of endocarditis? |
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus lugdunensis |
|
|
Term
| Which specimens would the Staphylococcus lugdunensis most likely be detected in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organism in the exam 1 material has a special requirement for CO2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal flora can interfere with pathogens by producing bacteriocins. What are bacteriocins? |
|
Definition
| Substances that kill or inhibit other microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| What reagents are used for the modified oxidase test? |
|
Definition
| Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine & DMSO |
|
|
Term
| Periodically, autoclaves are tested using spore strips impregnated with Bacillus stearothermophilus. The strip is autoclaved and then tested for growth. What does it mean if the spore strip grows bacteria? |
|
Definition
| The autoclaved materials were not sterilized; the process has to be repeated. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of taping the items to be autoclaved? |
|
Definition
| The tape changes color when the correct temperature is reached during the cycle |
|
|
Term
What do the following media have in common?
1. EMB/MAC (lactose + vs. lactose -)
2. BAP (types of hemolysis)
3. Identification media |
|
Definition
| These are all differential media. |
|
|
Term
| Summarize the term "standard precautions". |
|
Definition
| Treat human blood, tissue, & body fluids as if they contain bloodborne pathogens |
|
|
Term
| How long should QC and patient records be keep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which water has the fewest impurities? Which has the most impurities? |
|
Definition
| Type I has the fewest impurities; type III has the most |
|
|
Term
| What disease is associated w/ Corynebacterium urealyticum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease is associated with Staphylococcus saprophyticus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bile-esculin = No color change
6.5% salt = Purple
P disk = R
What is the identification ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bile-esculin = No color change
6.5% salt = Purple
P disk = R
What is the identification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who receives the hepatitis B vaccine free of charge? |
|
Definition
| Workers handling infectious material |
|
|
Term
| Appearance of Staphylococcus aureus on mannitol salt agar - ferments mannitol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The best Gram stain results are from ________ cultures taken from ___________ media. |
|
Definition
| Young (<24 hours); noninhibitory media (such as blood agar) |
|
|
Term
| What is the percentage of oxygen that must be present in an aerobic atmosphere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name an example of aerobic organism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Rothia mucilaginosus (Stomatococcus)? |
|
Definition
|
|
