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| If it's an organic molecule, it involves ____. |
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| Hypothsis that organice compounds possessed a "vital life force" that was imparted to them by the organism they were produced in. |
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| He disproved vitalism by using urea crystals. |
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| Abundant in living organisms. |
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| Large, complex organic molecules. |
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Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids |
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| 3 types of macromolecules: |
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| ____ has 4 electrons in its outer shell & need 4 more electrons to fill the shell. |
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Definition
| Carbon can make up to ____ bonds (singular or double). |
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Definition
| Carbon can for ____ bonds. |
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- Molecules with nonpolar bonds (like hydrocarbons) are poorly water soluble.
- Molecules with polar bonds are more water soluble.
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Carbon:
- Molecules with nonpolar bonds (like hydrocarbons) are ____ water soluble.
- Molecules with polar bonds are ____ water soluble.
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Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur |
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Definition
In living organisms, carbon atoms most commonly form covalent bonds with:
(4) |
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| Shorter bonds tend to be stronger & more stable than longer bonds between 2 large atoms. Thus, carbon bonds are compatible with living organisms can inhabit environments ranging from the Earth’s frigid icy poles to the superheated water of deep-sea vents. |
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Definition
| Shorter bonds tend to be ____ & more ____ than longer bonds between 2 large atoms. Thus, carbon bonds are compatible with ____ can inhabit environments ranging from the Earth’s frigid icy poles to the superheated water of deep-sea vents. |
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| Without ____, we would not have life. |
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| Groups of atoms with special chemical features that are functionally important |
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Definition
| Each type of ____ exhibits the same properties in all molecules in which it occurs. |
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| ____ groups are widely found in proteins & also in other types of organic molecules. |
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| Two structures with an identical molecular formula but different structures and characteristics |
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Definition
| Contain the same atoms but in different bonding relationships |
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| Identical bonding relationships, but the spatial positioning of the atoms differs in the two isomers |
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Geometric Isomers
Enantiomers |
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Definition
| Two types of Stereoisomers: |
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Definition
Stereoisomers:
Positioning around double bond. |
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Definition
Stereoisomers:
Mirror image of another molecule. |
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Term
Double bond on the same side of the carbons is called a cis double bond.
If the hydrogens are on opposite sides, it is a trans double bond.
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Definition
Double bond on the same side of the carbons is called a ____ double bond.
If the hydrogens are on opposite sides, it is a ____ double bond.
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Term
4 different atoms can bind to a single carbon atoms in 2 possible ways, designated a left-handed & a right-handed structure.
Any given pair of enamiomers share identical chemical properties,such as solubility & melting point. |
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Definition
Enamiomers:
4 different atoms can bind to a single ____ atoms in 2 possible ways, designated a ____ & a ____ structure.
Any given pair of enamiomers share identical chemical properties, such as ____ & ____. |
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Term
Due to the different orientation of atoms in space, their ability to non-convalently bind to other molecules can be strikingly different.
Enzymes may recognize one structure, but won’t recognize the other bc the actions of enzymes depend upon the spacial arrangements of the particular atoms in a molecule |
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Definition
Enamiomers:
Due to the different orientation of atoms in space, their ability to ____ to other molecules can be strikingly different.
Enzymes may recognize one structure, but won’t recognize the other bc the actions of enzymes depend upon the ____ of the particular atoms in a molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
Drug given to women for morning sickness.
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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids |
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Definition
| Four major types of organic molecules & macromolecules: |
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Definition
| ____ are put together by condensation. |
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| An organic molecule that can be used to form larger molecules (polymers) consisting of many repeating unites of the monomer. |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates are composed of what atoms: (3) |
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Term
Cn(H2O)n
n= the varible # that is the same.
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Definition
Formula for a Carbohydrate:
What is n? |
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Term
This formula gives carbohydrates their name:
Carbon-containing compounds that are hydrated (that is, contain water). |
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Definition
Cn(H2O)n
This formula gives carbohydrates their name:
____-containing compounds that are ____ (that is, contain ____). |
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Term
Most of the carbon atoms in a carbohydrate are linked
to a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group. |
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Definition
Carbohydrate:
Most of the carbon atoms in a carbohydrate are linked to a ____ and a ____. |
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Term
Polar, will dissolve in water. Will not pass nonpolar regions that are set up.
Oxygen makes it polar, very electronegative, so it pulls electrons to itself.
EX: Cn(H2O)n |
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Definition
Carbohydrate:
____, will dissolve in water. Will not pass ____ regions that are set up.
____ makes it polar, very ____, so it pulls ____ to itself.
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Term
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Definition
On a ring structure:
____ & ____ refer to the the different isomers. |
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Definition
| Molecule that has the same # of atoms, same type of atoms, different types of structures. |
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Definition
Simplest sugars.
Monomer of carbohydrates.
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Definition
| Contain pentoses (ribose & deoxyribose) & hexose (glucose). |
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| Often uses in the structure of other large & important macromolecules (DNA/RNA). |
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| Primary energy source suring cellular respiration (glucose). |
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Definition
| Ways to depict a monosaccharide structure: |
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Definition
| Different arrangement of same elements. |
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Definition
| Structural isomers of glucose isomers. |
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| Geometric Isomers & Enantiomers |
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Definition
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| Above or below ring (α- & β-glucose). |
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| Mirror image (D- and L-glucose). |
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